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Nonlinear causality and stability of perfect spin hydrodynamics and its nonperturbative character

Samapan Bhadury1,2,*, Zbigniew Drogosz1,†, Wojciech Florkowski1,‡, Sudip Kumar Kar1,§, and Valeriya Mykhaylova1,∥

  • 1Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, ulica Stanisława Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
  • 2Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Laudigam-760003, District-Ganjam, Odisha, India

  • *Contact author: bhadury.samapan@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: zbigniew.drogosz@alumni.uj.edu.pl
  • ‡Contact author: wojciech.florkowski@uj.edu.pl
  • §Contact author: sudip.kar@doctoral.uj.edu.pl
  • ∥Contact author: valeriya.mykhaylova@uj.edu.pl
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 036017 – Published 17 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ly9v-nw35

Abstract

Four formulations of perfect spin hydrodynamics for spin-1/2 particles, distinguished by their treatment of spin (classical vs quantum) and by the underlying particle statistics (Boltzmann vs Fermi-Dirac), are analyzed and shown to satisfy the requirements of a divergence-type theory. Moreover, for all the formulations, we define the generating functions associated with the relevant thermodynamic currents and demonstrate that the constructed hydrodynamic theory is nonlinearly causal and stable. The latter is achieved by employing the exact expressions for the distribution functions, indicating a nonperturbative character of our approach.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 036017– Published 17 February, 2026
  • Received 25 November 2025
  • Accepted 22 January 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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