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Unveiling primordial black hole relics through induced gravitational waves

Misao Sasaki1,2,3,4,* and Jianing Wang1,†

  • *Contact author: misao.sasaki@apctp.org
  • †Contact author: jianing.wang@ipmu.jp
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 023512 – Published 6 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/fwhr-syl2

Abstract

Black hole relics are of significant interest in cosmology and theoretical physics. In this work, we consider tiny primordial black holes (PBHs) (MPBH≲107  g), which are generated soon after the end of inflation and evaporate and reheat the Universe before big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), but leave their remnants due to incomplete evaporation. These PBHs remnants may contribute as part or all of the dark matter (DM) today. Assuming that there exist PBH relics, we point out that the number density of PBH today can be directly read from the peak positions of the induced gravitational waves (IGWs) due to the inhomogeneous PBH distribution. If PBH relics are of Planck mass and they form all the DM today, the PBH number density would be of 10−25  cm−3 with the peak frequency 60 Hz. The peak frequency scales as frelic1/3 where frelic is the fraction of the PBH relics in the total DM density. The peak amplitude carries the information of initial PBH abundance. For monochromatic-mass PBH with the current number density 10−41–10−25  cm−3 and initial abundance 10−13–10−7, the amplitude may be large enough to be detected by planned gravitational wave experiments in the near future.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 023512– Published 6 July, 2026
  • Received 27 January 2026
  • Accepted 8 June 2026
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