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Thermodynamics of fermionic excitations in heavy-quark QCD

Kei Tohme1,*, Takahiro M. Doi1,†, Masakiyo Kitazawa2,3,‡, Krzysztof Redlich4,5,§, and Chihiro Sasaki4,6,∥

  • *Contact author: tohme@ruby.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp
  • †Contact author: doi.takahiro.5d@kyoto-u.ac.jp
  • ‡Contact author: kitazawa@yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp
  • §Contact author: krzysztof.redlich@uwr.edu.pl
  • ∥Contact author: chihiro.sasaki@uwr.edu.pl
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 094515 – Published 26 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/f1w1-bymt

Abstract

We investigate the thermodynamic properties of fermionic excitations in heavy-quark QCD on the lattice with Wilson fermions. The grand potential is calculated analytically in the hopping parameter expansion (HPE) on the basis of the cumulant expansion. Using the grand potential, we compute the quark number susceptibilities and their ratios up to next-to-leading order in the HPE. The ratio of fourth- to second-order susceptibilities is shown to be unity (nine) in the deconfined (confined) phase at the leading order. Excitation properties of baryonic and quark modes in each phase are also investigated utilizing the Boltzmann statistics. We obtain an analytic formula for the quark excitation energy in the deconfined phase, while that for baryonic excitations in the confined phase is decomposed into flavor multiplets.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 094515– Published 26 November, 2025
  • Received 13 August 2025
  • Accepted 31 October 2025
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