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Anisotropic linear waves and breakdown of the momentum expansion in spin magnetohydrodynamics

Zhe Fang1,*, Koichi Hattori1,2,†, and Jin Hu3,‡

  • 1Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
  • 2Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, 10-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
  • 3Department of Physics, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China

  • *Contact author: 12345071@zju.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: koichi.hattori@zju.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: hu-j23@fzu.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 076016 – Published 14 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d86f-1vk8

Abstract

We formulate spin magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) by including the magnetic flux and total angular momentum conservation laws in the hydrodynamic framework. To specify the local angular momentum conservation, we choose the totally antisymmetric spin current. The entropy-current analysis allows for ten dissipative first-order transport coefficients, including anisotropic spin relaxation rates and the conversion rate between a vorticity (shear) to a symmetric stress (antisymmetric torque), as well as anisotropic viscosities and resistivities. By employing the linear-mode analysis, we solve the first-order spin MHD equations to determine the dispersion relations with the complete information of anisotropy retained. Our analytic solutions indicate that the small-momentum expansion is spoiled by blow up of the higher-order terms when the angle between the momentum and the magnetic field approaches the right angle. This also reveals the existence of another expansion parameter, and, in light of it, we provide solutions in an alternative series expression beyond the critical angle. We confirm that these two series expansions work well in the appropriate angle ranges, as compared with numerical results. Building on our findings regarding the breakdown of the small-momentum expansion in first-order theory, we proceed to discussing how these first-order solutions are modified when we include the relaxation dynamics for dissipative modes with the Israel-Stewart framework. We find that, due to the presence of the critical behavior in the first-order solutions, there remains a diffusive window even after the relaxation dynamics is introduced.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 076016– Published 14 October, 2025
  • Received 18 September 2024
  • Revised 18 August 2025
  • Accepted 25 September 2025
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