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Cosmology of long range Yukawa interactions in general backgrounds

Guillem Domènech1,2,* and Panagiotis Giannadakis3,†

  • *Contact author: guillem.domenech@itp.uni-hannover.de
  • †Contact author: panagiotis.giannadakis@kcl.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 083513 – Published 7 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d7bc-9q5w

Abstract

Long-range forces in the early Universe may lead to early structure formation and, perhaps, to primordial black holes. We generalize previous studies of fermions coupled to a light scalar field by considering general scalar field dependent couplings in cosmological backgrounds with a fixed equation-of-state parameter. We identify two broad regimes: a scaling regime, in which the scalar field oscillates around a point of vanishing fermion mass, and an asymptotic regime, in which the field evolves toward configurations where the fermions recover their bare mass. We show that the scaling regime arises from an approximate scale invariance in the scalar-fermion action, which becomes an approximate conformal invariance at late times. In the scaling regime, the ratio between the scalar and fermion energy densities is approximately constant. Our work provides a first step toward a general study of the growth of perturbations in this system.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 083513– Published 7 October, 2026
  • Received 6 August 2026
  • Accepted 19 August 2026
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