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Transverse momentum asymmetry in the semi-inclusive electron positron annihilation process

Weihua Yang1, Xing-hua Yang2, Zhe Zhang3, and Jing Zhao4,*

  • 1College of Nuclear Equipment and Nuclear Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
  • 2School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
  • 3Southern Center for Nuclear-Science Theory (SCNT), Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huizhou 516000, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China

  • *Contact author: zhaojingzj@sdu.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 116023 – Published 30 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bh68-1y7f

Abstract

Hadronization, a nonperturbative process, cannot be calculated from first principles. It can be investigated either by using phenomenological models or by examining the behavior of produced hadrons or through fragmentation functions. These fragmentation functions are nonperturbative quantities whose determination relies entirely on experimental data. However, higher-twist fragmentation functions present significant challenges for their determination due to power suppression. In this paper, we propose an asymmetry to study twist-3 fragmentation functions. This asymmetry is defined as the transverse momentum asymmetry of the fragmenting quark and/or the produced jet with respect to the observed hadron direction within the semi-inclusive electron positron annihilation process. As a twist-3 effect, this asymmetry is sensitive to the distribution of the jet relative to the produced hadron direction during hadronization. Furthermore, it is closely related to twist-3 transverse momentum dependent fragmentation functions and provides a set of measurable quantities for their determination.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 116023– Published 30 December, 2025
  • Received 23 September 2025
  • Accepted 17 December 2025
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