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Stress stability criterion of U(1) gauged nontopological solitons in the (3+1)-dimensional O(3) sigma model

Aliaksei Mikhaliuk*

Yakov Shnir†

  • BLTP, JINR, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia and Belarusian State University, Minsk 220004, Belarus

  • *Contact author: alekseybsu.mihalyuk@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: shnir@theor.jinr.ru
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 085020 – Published 24 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/bg9s-qdw5

Abstract

We study the energy-momentum tensor of the spherically symmetric nontopological solitons of the O(3) nonlinear sigma model with a standard kinetic term and with a symmetry breaking potential in (3+1)-dimensional flat spacetime. We evaluate the distributions of the corresponding energy density, shear forces, and pressure and study the stability criteria for these solutions. We argue that the presence of domains with negative energy density and violation of the energy conditions most likely do not lead to destabilization of solitons.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 085020– Published 24 April, 2026
  • Received 16 February 2026
  • Accepted 30 March 2026
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