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Effective geometrostatics of spherical stars beyond general relativity

Julio Arrechea1,2,3, Raúl Carballo-Rubio4, and Matt Visser5

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 024081 – Published 29 July, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/b892-6ys4

Abstract

We provide a set of general tools to study the problem of stellar equilibrium in any gravitational theory in which spherically symmetric spacetimes satisfy master field equations taking the form of an equality between an identically conserved tensor, with derivatives of up to second order in the metric, and an identically conserved matter tensor. We derive the most general expression for the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation of stellar equilibrium that is compatible with these minimal requirements. A general discussion of the conditions that guarantee geodesic completeness at the center of symmetry is also presented. The equations of stellar equilibrium are integrated in a subset of the space of allowed deformations of general relativity proposed by Ziprick and Kunstatter, allowing us to illustrate universal aspects associated with the weakening of the strength of gravity, such as the mitigation of the Buchdahl limit obtained in general relativity or the existence of static solutions describing regular black holes with perfect fluid cores.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 024081– Published 29 July, 2026
  • Received 13 April 2026
  • Accepted 8 July 2026
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