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  • Open Access

Probing purely inelastic scalar dark matter across colliders and gravitational wave observatories

Jinhui Guo1,*, Jia Liu2,3,†, Chenhao Peng2,‡, and Xiao-Ping Wang4,§

  • *Contact author: guojh23@buaa.edu.cn
  • †Contact author: jialiu@pku.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: chenhaopeng@stu.pku.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: hcwangxiaoping@buaa.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 115014 – Published 4 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9myr-9xx5

Abstract

We propose and study a purely inelastic scalar dark matter model, where two real scalars-dark matter ϕ1 and its excited partner ϕ2 interact with the Standard Model via a Higgs portal. After mass diagonalization, only inelastic couplings remain, allowing the model to evade stringent bounds from direct detection. We show that thermal (co)annihilation between ϕ1 and ϕ2 naturally yields the observed dark matter relic abundance. The same interaction structure can induce a strongly first-order phase transition in the early Universe, generating detectable gravitational waves in upcoming experiments. Meanwhile, the slight mass splitting between ϕ1 and ϕ2, along with the heavy off shell mediator SM Higgs, leads to long-lived particle signatures of ϕ2 at the HL-LHC via the displaced muon-jets technique. We pinpoint a feasible parameter space where the correct relic abundance, observable gravitational waves, and collider signals can all be achieved concurrently, presenting a valuable chance to validate this scenario through a comprehensive examination encompassing cosmological, astrophysical, and collider investigations.

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Outline

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 115014– Published 4 December, 2025
  • Received 28 August 2025
  • Accepted 7 November 2025
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