Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Probing doubly charged Higgs bosons with three-body associated production at future e+e− colliders

B. Ait-Ouazghour1,*, A. Arhrib2,3,†, R. Benbrik4,‡, M. Boukidi5,§, M. Chabab1,6,∥, K. Goure1,¶, and S. Moretti7,8,**

  • *Contact author: b.ouazghour@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: aarhrib@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: r.benbrik@uca.ac.ma
  • §Contact author: mohammed.boukidi@ifj.edu.pl
  • ∥Contact author: mchabab@uca.ac.ma
  • Contact author: khalidgoure01@gmail.com
  • **Contact author: stefano.moretti@physics.uu.se/s.moretti@soton.ac.uk

Phys. Rev. D 113, 095038 – Published 26 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9jrp-3f75

Abstract

We study the discovery prospects for a doubly charged Higgs boson H±± in the 2-Higgs doublet model with type-II seesaw at future e+e− colliders. Focusing on the three-body channels e+e−→H±±H1∓H1∓ and e+e−→H±±H1∓W∓, we scan the model parameter space subject to theoretical consistency as well as current collider, flavor, and electroweak precision observables. We find that these 2→3 production modes can exceed the conventional pair production rate e+e−→H++H−−, followed by H±±→H1±H1± and H1±W± decays, over wide regions, particularly above the H±±→H1±H1± and H±±→H1±W± thresholds, reaching cross sections up to O(102)  fb for s=500–1500  GeV. A detector-level analysis of the 4ℓ+ET signature, including dominant multiboson and top quark backgrounds, shows that discovery sensitivity is achievable for s=1000–1500  GeV with integrated luminosities in the few ab−1 range, even in the presence of realistic systematic uncertainties.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (130)

  1. F. Zwicky, Helv. Phys. Acta 6, 110 (1933).
  2. V. C. Rubin and W. K. Ford, Jr., Astrophys. J. 159, 379 (1970).
  3. M. J. G. Veltman, Acta Phys. Pol. B 12, 437 (1981).
  4. A. G. Riess et al. (Supernova Search Team), Astron. J. 116, 1009 (1998).
  5. A. Crivellin and B. Mellado, Nat. Rev. Phys. 6, 294 (2024).
  6. T. Kajita, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 030501 (2016).
  7. A. B. McDonald, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 030502 (2016).
  8. Y. Cai, T. Han, T. Li, and R. Ruiz, Front. Phys. 6, 40 (2018).
  9. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1566 (1979).
  10. P. Minkowski, Phys. Lett. B 67, 421 (1977).
  11. M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, Conf. Proc. C 790927, 315 (1979).
  12. R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 912 (1980).
  13. J. Schechter and J. W. F. Valle, Phys. Rev. D 22, 2227 (1980).
  14. T. P. Cheng and L. F. Li, Phys. Rev. D 22, 2860 (1980).
  15. R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. D 23, 165 (1981).
  16. R. Foot, H. Lew, X. G. He, and G. C. Joshi, Z. Phys. C 44, 441 (1989).
  17. T. Han, B. Mukhopadhyaya, Z. Si, and K. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 76, 075013 (2007).
  18. A. G. Akeroyd, M. Aoki, and H. Sugiyama, Phys. Rev. D 77, 075010 (2008).
  19. A. G. Akeroyd and C. W. Chiang, Phys. Rev. D 80, 113010 (2009).
  20. A. G. Akeroyd, C. W. Chiang, and N. Gaur, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2010) 005.
  21. F. del Aguila and J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, Nucl. Phys. B813, 22 (2009).
  22. M. Aoki, S. Kanemura, and K. Yagyu, Phys. Rev. D 85, 055007 (2012).
  23. C.-W. Chiang, T. Nomura, and K. Tsumura, Phys. Rev. D 85, 095023 (2012).
  24. H. Sugiyama, K. Tsumura, and H. Yokoya, Phys. Lett. B 717, 229 (2012).
  25. A. G. Akeroyd, S. Moretti, and H. Sugiyama, Phys. Rev. D 85, 055026 (2012).
  26. E. J. Chun and P. Sharma, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2012) 162.
  27. F. del Águila and M. Chala, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2014) 027.
  28. S. Kanemura, K. Yagyu, and H. Yokoya, Phys. Lett. B 726, 316 (2013).
  29. S. Kanemura, M. Kikuchi, K. Yagyu, and H. Yokoya, Phys. Rev. D 90, 115018 (2014).
  30. S. Kanemura, M. Kikuchi, H. Yokoya, and K. Yagyu, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015, 51B02 (2015).
  31. E. J. Chun and P. Sharma, Phys. Lett. B 728, 256 (2014).
  32. A. G. Akeroyd and M. Aoki, Phys. Rev. D 72, 035011 (2005).
  33. A. Melfo, M. Nemevsek, F. Nesti, G. Senjanovic, and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 85, 055018 (2012).
  34. A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, M. Chabab, G. Moultaka, M. C. Peyranere, L. Rahili, and J. Ramadan, Phys. Rev. D 84, 095005 (2011).
  35. K. Huitu, J. Maalampi, A. Pietila, and M. Raidal, Nucl. Phys. B487, 27 (1997).
  36. J. F. Gunion, C. Loomis, and K. T. Pitts, eConf C 960625, LTH096 (1996).
  37. S. Chakrabarti, D. Choudhury, R. M. Godbole, and B. Mukhopadhyaya, Phys. Lett. B 434, 347 (1998).
  38. M. Muhlleitner and M. Spira, Phys. Rev. D 68, 117701 (2003).
  39. E. J. Chun, K. Y. Lee, and S. C. Park, Phys. Lett. B 566, 142 (2003). A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, M. Chabab, G. Moultaka, and L. Rahili, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2012) 136.
  40. A. G. Akeroyd and H. Sugiyama, Phys. Rev. D 84, 035010 (2011).
  41. B. Dutta, R. Eusebi, Y. Gao, T. Ghosh, and T. Kamon, Phys. Rev. D 90, 055015 (2014).
  42. Z. Kang, J. Li, T. Li, Y. Liu, and G. Z. Ning, Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 574 (2015).
  43. Z. L. Han, R. Ding, and Y. Liao, Phys. Rev. D 91, 093006 (2015).
  44. Z. L. Han, R. Ding, and Y. Liao, Phys. Rev. D 92, 033014 (2015).
  45. M. Mitra, S. Niyogi, and M. Spannowsky, Phys. Rev. D 95, 035042 (2017).
  46. D. K. Ghosh, N. Ghosh, I. Saha, and A. Shaw, Phys. Rev. D 97, 115022 (2018).
  47. S. Antusch, O. Fischer, A. Hammad, and C. Scherb, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2019) 157.
  48. P. S. Bhupal Dev and Y. Zhang, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2018) 199.
  49. T. B. de Melo, F. S. Queiroz, and Y. Villamizar, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 34, 1950157 (2019).
  50. R. Primulando, J. Julio, and P. Uttayarat, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2019) 024.
  51. E. J. Chun, S. Khan, S. Mandal, M. Mitra, and S. Shil, Phys. Rev. D 101, 075008 (2020).
  52. R. Padhan, D. Das, M. Mitra, and A. Kumar Nayak, Phys. Rev. D 101, 075050 (2020).
  53. B. Fuks, M. Nemevšek, and R. Ruiz, Phys. Rev. D 101, 075022 (2020).
  54. O. Cakir, New J. Phys. 8, 145 (2006).
  55. T. Nomura, H. Okada, and H. Yokoya, Nucl. Phys. B929, 193 (2018).
  56. S. Blunier, G. Cottin, M. A. Díaz, and B. Koch, Phys. Rev. D 95, 075038 (2017).
  57. A. Crivellin, M. Ghezzi, L. Panizzi, G. M. Pruna, and A. Signer, Phys. Rev. D 99, 035004 (2019).
  58. P. Agrawal, M. Mitra, S. Niyogi, S. Shil, and M. Spannowsky, Phys. Rev. D 98, 015024 (2018).
  59. S. Ashanujjaman, K. Ghosh, and K. Huitu, Phys. Rev. D 106, 075028 (2022).
  60. R. Ruiz, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2022) 200.
  61. C. W. Chiang, K. Enomoto, and M. Y. Liao, Phys. Rev. D 112, 115003 (2025).
  62. S. Ashanujjaman and K. Ghosh, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2022) 195.
  63. S. Ashanujjaman, K. Ghosh, and R. Sahu, Phys. Rev. D 107, 015018 (2023).
  64. P. S. B. Dev, S. Khan, M. Mitra, and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. D 99, 115015 (2019).
  65. X. H. Yang and Z. J. Yang, Chin. Phys. C 46, 063107 (2022).
  66. F. F. Deppisch, P. S. Bhupal Dev, and A. Pilaftsis, New J. Phys. 17, 075019 (2015).
  67. T. Li, C. Y. Yao, and M. Yuan, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2023) 137.
  68. S. P. Maharathy and M. Mitra, Phys. Lett. B 844, 138105 (2023).
  69. A. Jueid, T. A. Chowdhury, S. Nasri, and S. Saad, Phys. Rev. D 109, 075011 (2024).
  70. M. Belfkir, T. A. Chowdhury, and S. Nasri, Phys. Lett. B 852, 138605 (2024).
  71. J. C. Jia, Z. L. Han, F. Huang, Y. Jin, and H. Li, Phys. Rev. D 111, 015009 (2025).
  72. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 2189 (2012).
  73. V. Khachatryan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 051801 (2015).
  74. P. S. Bhupal Dev, D. K. Ghosh, N. Okada, and I. Saha, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2013) 150; 05 (2013) 049(E).
  75. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 2244 (2012).
  76. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2015) 041.
  77. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2015) 138.
  78. M. Aaboud et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 199 (2018).
  79. A. M. Sirunyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 081801 (2018).
  80. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2021) 146.
  81. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2024) 026.
  82. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 860, 139137 (2025).
  83. L. Guedes, G. Hoff, F. S. Queiroz, Y. M. Oviedo-Torres, and Y. Villamizar, arXiv:2601.00083.
  84. P. Fileviez Perez, T. Han, G.-y. Huang, T. Li, and K. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 78, 015018 (2008).
  85. C. H. Chen and T. Nomura, Phys. Rev. D 90, 075008 (2014).
  86. B. A. Ouazghour, A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, M. Chabab, and L. Rahili, Phys. Rev. D 100, 035031 (2019).
  87. B. A. Ouazghour and M. Chabab, Phys. Lett. B 846, 138241 (2023).
  88. B. A. Ouazghour, M. Chabab, and K. Goure, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 879 (2024).
  89. B. Ait Ouazghour, M. Chabab, and K. Goure, Springer Proc. Phys. 425, 137 (2025).
  90. B. Ait-Ouazghour, M. Chabab, and K. Goure, arXiv:2410.11140.
  91. B. Ait-Ouazghour, A. Arhrib, M. Chabab, and K. Goure, Phys. Rev. D 113, 075006 (2026).
  92. S. F. King, J. Phys. G 42, 123001 (2015).
  93. C. H. Chen and T. Nomura, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2014) 120.
  94. S. Ashanujjaman, P. S. B. Dev, J. Huang, and S. Zhou, Phys. Rev. D 113, L051704 (2026).
  95. M. J. Ramsey-Musolf, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2020) 179.
  96. C. H. Chen and T. Nomura, Phys. Rev. D 91, 035023 (2015).
  97. A. Aryshev et al. (ILC International Development Team), arXiv:2203.07622.
  98. L. Linssen, A. Miyamoto, M. Stanitzki, and H. Weerts, arXiv:1202.5940.
  99. I. Esteban, M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, I. Martinez-Soler, J. P. Pinheiro, and T. Schwetz, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 216.
  100. M. E. Peskin and T. Takeuchi, Phys. Rev. D 46, 381 (1992).
  101. W. Grimus, L. Lavoura, O. M. Ogreid, and P. Osland, Nucl. Phys. B801, 81 (2008).
  102. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  103. H. Bahl, T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, C. Li, S. Paasch, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, Comput. Phys. Commun. 291, 108803 (2023).
  104. P. Bechtle, S. Heinemeyer, O. Stål, T. Stefaniak, and G. Weiglein, Eur. Phys. J. C 74, 2711 (2014).
  105. P. Bechtle, S. Heinemeyer, O. Stål, T. Stefaniak, and G. Weiglein, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2014) 039.
  106. P. Bechtle, S. Heinemeyer, T. Klingl, T. Stefaniak, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 145 (2021).
  107. P. Bechtle, O. Brein, S. Heinemeyer, G. Weiglein, and K. E. Williams, Comput. Phys. Commun. 181, 138 (2010).
  108. P. Bechtle, O. Brein, S. Heinemeyer, G. Weiglein, and K. E. Williams, Comput. Phys. Commun. 182, 2605 (2011).
  109. P. Bechtle, O. Brein, S. Heinemeyer, O. Stål, T. Stefaniak, G. Weiglein, and K. E. Williams, Eur. Phys. J. C 74, 2693 (2014).
  110. P. Bechtle, D. Dercks, S. Heinemeyer, T. Klingl, T. Stefaniak, G. Weiglein, and J. Wittbrodt, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 1211 (2020).
  111. S. Banerjee et al. (Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFLAV), Phys. Rev. D 113, 012008 (2026).
  112. Y. Kuno and Y. Okada, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 151 (2001).
  113. L. Lavoura, Eur. Phys. J. C 29, 191 (2003).
  114. A. G. Akeroyd, M. Aoki, and H. Sugiyama, Phys. Rev. D 79, 113010 (2009).
  115. K. Afanaciev et al. (MEG II Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 1177 (2025).
  116. U. Bellgardt et al. (SINDRUM Collaboration), Nucl. Phys. B299, 1 (1988).
  117. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 716, 1 (2012).
  118. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Lett. B 716, 30 (2012).
  119. T. Hahn and C. Schappacher, Comput. Phys. Commun. 143, 54 (2002).
  120. T. Hahn and M. Perez-Victoria, Comput. Phys. Commun. 118, 153 (1999).
  121. J. Kublbeck, M. Bohm, and A. Denner, Comput. Phys. Commun. 60, 165 (1990).
  122. J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, H. S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2014) 079.
  123. K. Hagiwara, T. Li, K. Mawatari, and J. Nakamura, Eur. Phys. J. C 73, 2489 (2013).
  124. T. Sjostrand, S. Mrenna, and P. Z. Skands, Comput. Phys. Commun. 178, 852 (2008).
  125. M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez, Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 1896 (2012).
  126. J. de Favereau, C. Delaere, P. Demin, A. Giammanco, V. Lemaître, A. Mertens, and M. Selvaggi (DELPHES 3 Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2014) 057.
  127. M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2008) 063.
  128. E. Conte, B. Fuks, and G. Serret, Comput. Phys. Commun. 184, 222 (2013).
  129. E. Conte and B. Fuks, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 523, 012032 (2014).
  130. G. Cowan, K. Cranmer, E. Gross, and O. Vitells, Eur. Phys. J. C 71, 1554 (2011); 73, 2501(E) (2013).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation