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Memory burden effect on gravitational waves in the presence of primordial black holes

Mathieu Gross* and Yann Mambrini†

Md Riajul Haque‡

  • *Contact author: mathieu.gross@ijclab.in2p3.fr
  • †Contact author: yann.mambrini@ijclab.in2p3.fr
  • ‡Contact author: riaj.0009@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123534 – Published 19 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7kjg-qz6t

Abstract

We present the spectrum of primordial gravitational wave (GW) expected from the presence of primordial black holes (PBHs) and inflaton in the early Universe. For the first time, to our knowledge, we combine the waves produced by the PBH decay with their density fluctuation counterpart, as well as their effects on the GW produced by the inflaton after (high-frequency modes) and before (low-frequency modes) the end of inflation. We generalize our study for a potential V(ϕ)∝ϕk during reheating. We also extend our study, taking into account a possible memory burden effect to see how it can affect the shape of the spectrum.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123534– Published 19 December, 2025
  • Received 3 October 2025
  • Accepted 1 December 2025
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