- Open Access
Consistent energy-momentum trace couplings of fluids
Phys. Rev. D 112, 124073 – Published 24 December, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6wrh-lg9s
Abstract
Gravitational models with nonminimal couplings involving the trace of the energy-momentum tensor have become increasingly popular. The idea of coupling the trace of the matter tensor to the geometry can be applied to various matter models, including relativistic perfect fluids. However, it is well known that the variational formulation of perfect fluids involves some technicalities. We carefully derive the field equations including the trace coupling of a perfect fluid using two different approaches, namely, that given by Brown using Lagrange multipliers and that given by Schutz using velocity potentials. We show that previous results involving such trace couplings do not match the results presented here. We demonstrate that our fluid’s equations of motion are consistent with the gravitational field equations. Moreover, we present a simple on-shell argument which further supports the correctness of our results. Our work implies that a vast amount of the literature using perfect fluids needs to be revisited.
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