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Immortal primordial black holes through dark forces: Dark-charge PBHs as dark matter candidates

Jessica Santiago*

Justin Feng†

Sebastian Schuster‡

Matt Visser§

  • *Contact author: jessica.santiago@cpt.univ-mrs.fr
  • †Contact author: feng@fzu.cz
  • ‡Contact author: sebastian.schuster@fysik.su.se
  • §Contact author: matt.visser@sms.vuw.ac.nz
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123529 – Published 17 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4rc4-wvp6

Abstract

The fact that no Hawking radiation from the final stages of evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs) has yet been observed places stringent bounds on their allowed contribution to dark matter. Concretely, for Schwarzschild PBHs, i.e., uncharged and nonrotating black holes, this rules out black hole masses of less than 10−15M⊙. In this article, we propose that by including an additional ‘dark’ U(1) charge one can significantly lower the PBHs’ Hawking temperature, slowing down their evaporation process and significantly extending their lifetimes. With this, PBHs again become a viable option for dark matter candidates over a large mass range. We will explore in detail the effects of varying the dark electron (lightest dark charged fermion) mass and charge on the evaporation dynamics. For instance, we will show that by allowing the dark electron to have a sufficiently high mass and/or low charge, our approach suppresses both Hawking radiation and the Schwinger effect, effectively extending even the lifespan of PBHs with masses smaller than 10−15M⊙ beyond the current age of the Universe. We will finally present a new lower bound on the allowed mass range for dark-charged PBHs as a function of the dark electron charge and mass, showing that the PBHs’ mass can get to at least as low as 10−24M⊙ depending on the dark electron properties. This further demonstrates that the phenomenology of the evaporation of PBHs is ill-served by a focus solely on Schwarzschild black holes.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 123529– Published 17 December, 2025
  • Received 3 April 2025
  • Accepted 18 November 2025
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