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High-quality axion dark matter at gravitational wave interferometers

Disha Bandyopadhyay1,*, Debasish Borah1,†, Nayan Das1,‡, and Rome Samanta2,3,§

  • *Contact author: b.disha@iitg.ac.in
  • †Contact author: dborah@iitg.ac.in
  • ‡Contact author: nayan.das@iitg.ac.in
  • §Contact author: romesamanta@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 095025 – Published 18 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4mvr-xdc9

Abstract

Gravitational effects are known to violate global symmetries, threatening the Peccei-Quinn solution to the strong CP problem. Ultraviolet completions featuring a gauged U(1) symmetry, where U(1)PQ arises as an accidental global symmetry, can suppress Planck-suppressed operators, enabling high-quality axions in a mass window where it can also account for the observed dark matter (DM) in the Universe. We show that in such models, the spontaneous breaking of the U(1) gauge symmetry generates a strong stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) from gauge cosmic string loops. Even in the most conservative scenario, for breaking scales ≳1014  GeV, the SGWB signal strength can exceed astrophysical foregrounds across a broad frequency range. Such quality axion models have a characteristic IR break frequency originating from the dynamics of the string-wall network collapse. We propose this characteristic SGWB frequency-amplitude region, identified as signature-window-axion-gravitational waves (SWAG), to be a novel probe of high-quality axion DM at future space and ground-based interferometers.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 095025– Published 18 May, 2026
  • Received 14 October 2025
  • Accepted 22 April 2026
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