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Dark Energy Survey Year 3 results: Simulation-based wCDM inference from weak lensing and galaxy clustering maps with deep learning: Analysis design

A. Thomsen1,*, J. Bucko1, T. Kacprzak2,3, V. Ajani4, J. Fluri5, A. Refregier1, D. Anbajagane6, F. J. Castander7,8, A. Ferté9 et al. (DES Collaboration)

A. Ferté9, M. Gatti6, N. Jeffrey10, A. Alarcon8, A. Amon11, K. Bechtol12, M. R. Becker13, G. M. Bernstein14, A. Campos15,16, A. Carnero Rosell17,18,19, C. Chang20,6, R. Chen21, A. Choi22, M. Crocce7,8, C. Davis23, J. DeRose24, S. Dodelson20,25,6, C. Doux14,26, K. Eckert14, J. Elvin-Poole27, S. Everett28, P. Fosalba7,8, D. Gruen29, I. Harrison30, K. Herner25, E. M. Huff28,31, M. Jarvis14, N. Kuropatkin25, P.-F. Leget23, N. MacCrann32, J. McCullough11,23,9,29, J. Myles11, A. Navarro-Alsina33, S. Pandey14, A. Porredon34,35, J. Prat20,36, M. Raveri37, M. Rodriguez-Monroy38, R. P. Rollins39, A. Roodman23,9, E. S. Rykoff23,9, C. Sánchez14, L. F. Secco6, E. Sheldon40, T. Shin41, M. A. Troxel21, I. Tutusaus42, T. N. Varga43,44,45, N. Weaverdyck46,24, R. H. Wechsler47,23,9, B. Yanny25, B. Yin21, Y. Zhang48, J. Zuntz49, M. Aguena50,51, S. Allam25, F. Andrade-Oliveira52, D. Bacon53, J. Blazek54, D. Brooks10, R. Camilleri55, J. Carretero56, R. Cawthon57, L. N. da Costa18, M. E. da Silva Pereira58, T. M. Davis55, J. De Vicente34, S. Desai59, P. Doel10, J. García-Bellido60, G. Gutierrez25, S. R. Hinton55, D. L. Hollowood61, K. Honscheid62,63, D. J. James64, K. Kuehn65,66, O. Lahav10, S. Lee31, J. L. Marshall67, J. Mena-Fernández26, F. Menanteau68,69, R. Miquel70,56, J. Muir71,72, R. L. C. Ogando73, A. A. Plazas Malagón23,9, E. Sanchez34, D. Sanchez Cid34,52, I. Sevilla-Noarbe34, M. Smith74, E. Suchyta75, M. E. C. Swanson68, D. Thomas53, C. To20, and D. L. Tucker25 (DES Collaboration)

  • 1Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 16, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
  • 2University Observatory Munich, Scheinerstraße 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany
  • 3University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland FHNW, Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
  • 4Fondazione LINKS, Via Pier Carlo Boggio 61, 10138 Turin, Italy
  • 5Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
  • 6Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 7Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
  • 8Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
  • 9SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
  • 10Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 11Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
  • 12Physics Department, 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1390, USA
  • 13Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
  • 14Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
  • 15Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312, USA
  • 16NSF AI Planning Institute for Physics of the Future, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
  • 17Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 18Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Avenida Pastor Martin Luther King Jr, 126 Del Castilho, Nova América Offices, Torre 3000/sala 817 CEP: 20765-000, Brazil
  • 19Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • 20Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 21Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
  • 22NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
  • 23Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  • 24Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 25Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
  • 26Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
  • 27Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
  • 28California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 29University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
  • 30School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
  • 31Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
  • 32Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
  • 33Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 34Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
  • 35Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, German Centre for Cosmological Lensing, 44780 Bochum, Germany
  • 36Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
  • 37Department of Physics, University of Genova and INFN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
  • 38Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
  • 39Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
  • 40Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 510, Upton, New York 11973, USA
  • 41Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
  • 42Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
  • 43Excellence Cluster Origins, Boltzmannstrasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
  • 44Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
  • 45Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
  • 46Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 47Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  • 48Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
  • 49Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, United Kingdom
  • 50Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Avenida Pastor Martin Luther King Jr, 126 Del Castilho, Nova América Offices, Torre 3000/sala 817 CEP: 20765-000, Brazil
  • 51INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
  • 52Physik-Institut, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
  • 53Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 54Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
  • 55School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
  • 56Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
  • 57Oxford College of Emory University, Oxford, Georgia 30054, USA
  • 58Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
  • 59Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
  • 60Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
  • 61Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
  • 62Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 63Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
  • 64Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  • 65Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
  • 66Lowell Observatory, 1400 Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA
  • 67George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
  • 68Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
  • 69Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
  • 70Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 71Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
  • 72Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 73Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 13069-901, Observatório Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 20921-400
  • 74Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
  • 75Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA

  • *Contact author: athomsen@phys.ethz.ch
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 083501 – Published 1 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3sj1-1l9f

Abstract

Data-driven approaches using deep learning are emerging as powerful techniques to extract non-Gaussian information from cosmological large-scale structure. This work presents the first simulation-based inference (SBI) pipeline that combines weak lensing and galaxy clustering maps in a realistic Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) configuration and serves as preparation for a forthcoming analysis of the survey data. We develop a scalable forward model based on the cosmogridv1 suite of N-body simulations to generate over one million self-consistent mock realizations of DES Y3 at the map level. Leveraging this large dataset, we train deep graph convolutional neural networks on the full survey footprint in spherical geometry to learn low-dimensional features that approximately maximize mutual information with target parameters. These learned compressions enable neural density estimation of the implicit likelihood via normalizing flows in a ten-dimensional parameter space spanning cosmological wCDM, intrinsic alignment, and linear galaxy bias parameters, while marginalizing over baryonic, photometric redshift, and shear bias nuisances. To ensure robustness, we extensively validate our inference pipeline using synthetic observations derived from both systematic contaminations in our forward model and independent buzzard galaxy catalogs. Our forecasts yield significant improvements in cosmological parameter constraints, achieving 2–3× higher figures of merit in the Ωm−S8 plane relative to our implementation of baseline two-point statistics and effectively breaking parameter degeneracies through probe combination. These results demonstrate the potential of SBI analyses powered by deep learning for upcoming stage-IV wide-field imaging surveys.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 083501– Published 1 April, 2026
  • Received 7 November 2025
  • Accepted 17 February 2026
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