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Finite-duration non-slow-roll effects in inflationary production of ultralight vector dark matter

Imtiaz Khan1,2,*, Niamat Ullah3,†, Chengxun Yuan4,‡, G. Mustafa1,§, Farruh Atamurotov5,6,∥, and Ahmadjon Abdujabbarov4,7,8,¶

  • *Contact author: ikhanphys1993@gmail.com
  • †Contact author: Niamat.ullah@buitms.edu.pk
  • ‡Contact author: yuancx@hit.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: gmustafa3828@gmail.com
  • ∥Contact author: atamurotov@yahoo.com
  • Contact author: ahmadjon@astrin.uz
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 056030 – Published 29 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3kl4-n737

Abstract

Inflationary production of ultralight vector dark matter can be amplified by a brief non-slow-roll phase, yet instantaneous mass transitions generate ultraviolet ringing and leave finite-time predictions unresolved. We replace the sharp transition with a smooth profile and derive the momentum-response kernel of the longitudinal mode. Finite duration preserves the infrared enhancement, suppresses modes that resolve the transition, and introduces a profile-dependent correction to the relic abundance. After fixing the dark matter abundance, the induced gravitational-wave signal retains an independent transverse-traceless source dependence, so abundance rescaling alone leaves residual profile information. Numerical mode evolution and radiation-era tensor integration support the finite-width treatment. Transition duration therefore links microscopic inflationary dynamics to ultralight vector abundance and its low-frequency gravitational-wave signal.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 056030– Published 29 September, 2026
  • Received 17 July 2026
  • Accepted 1 September 2026
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