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Measuring gravitational wave spectrum from electroweak phase transition and Higgs self-couplings

Shuo Guan1,2,3, Huai-Ke Guo1,2,*, Dian Jiao4,5, Qingyuan Liang1,2,†, Lei Wu4,5,‡, and Yang Zhang6,§

  • *Contact author: guohuaike@ucas.ac.cn
  • †Contact author: qingyuan211045@gmail.com
  • ‡Contact author: leiwu@njnu.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: zhangyang2025@htu.edu.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 075014 – Published 15 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2xy8-9y1r

Abstract

In this work, we demonstrate the complete process of using space-based gravitational wave detectors to measure properties of the stochastic gravitational wave background arising from a first-order electroweak phase transition. Based on frequency-domain simulations of the Taiji mission, including instrumental noise and astrophysical foregrounds, we perform parameter inference using both the Fisher information matrix and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. We show how the reconstructed spectrum constrains the macroscopic parameters of the phase transition, and further how these constraints map onto the underlying particle-physics parameters in a singlet-extended Standard Model. Our results demonstrate that the Higgs cubic and quartic self-couplings can be significantly constrained using gravitational wave observations, despite limitations arising from parameter degeneracy.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 075014– Published 15 April, 2026
  • Received 17 November 2025
  • Accepted 28 January 2026
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