General formulas describing deuteron spin dynamics in storage rings with allowance for the tensor electric and magnetic polarizabilities are derived. It is found that an initially tensor-polarized deuteron beam can acquire a final horizontal vector polarization of the order of 1%. This effect allows one to measure the tensor magnetic polarizability of the deuteron in storage ring experiments. We also confirm an existence of the effect found by Baryshevsky and Gurinovich, hep-ph/0506135 and Baryshevsky, hep-ph/0510158; hep-ph/0603191 that the tensor magnetic polarizability of the deuteron causes the spin rotation with two frequencies and experiences beating for polarized deuteron beams in storage rings.

The fission fragment angular distribution measurements for the ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}+{}^{235}\mathrm{U}$ system have been carried out to study the entrance channel dependence and spin dependent effects in the fission fragment anisotropies. This particular combination of target and projectile leads to ${}^{248}\mathrm{Cf}$ compound nucleus that has been studied earlier using three other entrance channels viz. ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}+{}^{237}\mathrm{Np}$, ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}+{}^{236}\mathrm{U}$, and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+{}^{232}\mathrm{Th}$. A comparison of the measured anisotropy data for all the four systems, with the statistical saddle-point model and pre-equilibrium fission (PEF) model, brings out a clear signature of entrance channel dependence in fission anisotropy values, characteristic of the PEF model.

The ground-state properties of the recent reported proton emitter ${}^{145}\mathrm{Tm}$ have been studied within the axially or triaxially deformed relativistic mean field (RMF) approaches, in which the pairing correlation is taken into account by the BCS-method with a constant pairing gap. It is found that triaxiality and pairing correlations play important roles in reproducing the experimental one proton separation energy. The single-particle level, the proton emission orbit, the deformation parameters $\beta =0.22$ and $\gamma =28.{98}^{°}$ and the corresponding spectroscopic factor for ${}^{145}\mathrm{Tm}$ in the triaxial RMF calculation are given as well.

A new strategy of fitting the coupling constants of the nuclear energy density functional is proposed, which shifts attention from ground-state bulk to single-particle properties. The latter are analyzed in terms of the bare single-particle energies and mass, shape, and spin core-polarization effects. Fit of the isoscalar spin-orbit and both isoscalar and isovector tensor coupling constants directly to the $f_{5/2}\text{−}{f}_{7/2}$ spin-orbit splittings in ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$, and ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ is proposed as a practical realization of this new program. It is shown that this fit requires drastic changes in the isoscalar spin-orbit strength and the tensor coupling constants as compared to the commonly accepted values, but it considerably and systematically improves basic single-particle properties including spin-orbit splittings and magic-gap energies. Impact of these changes on nuclear binding energies is also discussed.

Cross sections and analyzing powers for proton elastic scattering from ${}^{116,118,120,122,124}\mathrm{Sn}$ at 295 MeV have been measured for a momentum transfer of up to about 3.5 fm${}^{-1}$ to deduce systematic changes of the neutron density distribution. We tuned the relativistic Love-Franey interaction to explain the proton elastic scattering of a nucleus whose density distribution is well known. Then, we applied this interaction to deduce the neutron density distributions of tin isotopes. The result of our analysis shows the clear systematic behavior of a gradual increase in the neutron skin thickness of tin isotopes with mass number.

Viscous corrections to relativistic hydrodynamics, which are usually formulated for small velocity gradients, have recently been extended from Navier-Stokes formulations to a class of treatments based on Israel-Stewart equations. Israel-Stewart treatments, which treat the spatial components of the stress-energy tensor ${\tau }_{\mathit{ij}}$ as dynamical objects, introduce new parameters, such as the relaxation times describing nonequilibrium behavior of the elements ${\tau }_{\mathit{ij}}$. By considering linear response theory and entropy constraints, we show how the additional parameters are related to fluctuations of ${\tau }_{\mathit{ij}}$. Furthermore, the Israel-Stewart parameters are analyzed for their ability to provide stable and physical solutions for sound waves. Finally, it is shown how these parameters, which are naturally described by correlation functions in real time, might be constrained by lattice calculations, which are based on path-integral formulations in imaginary time.

The shear viscosity η in the van der Waals excluded volume hadron-resonance gas model is considered. For the shear viscosity the result of a nonrelativistic gas of hard-core particles is extended to a mixture of particles with different masses but equal values of hard-core radius $r$. The relativistic corrections to hadron average momenta in thermal equilibrium are also taken into account. The ratio of the viscosity η to the entropy density $s$ is studied. It monotonically decreases along the chemical freeze-out line in nucleus-nucleus collisions with increasing collision energy. As a function of hard-core radius $r$, a broad minimum of the ratio $\eta /s\approx 0.3$ near $r\approx 0.5$ fm is found at high collision energies. For the charge-neutral system at $T=T_c=180$ MeV, a minimum of the ratio $\eta /s\cong 0.24$ is reached for $r\cong 0.53$ fm. To justify a hydrodynamic approach to nucleus-nucleus collisions within the hadron phase the restriction from below, $r⩾0.2$ fm, on the hard-core hadron radius should be fulfilled in the excluded volume hadron-resonance gas.

We present a new analysis of $J/\psi$ production yields in deuteron-gold collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathit{NN}}}=200$ GeV using data taken from the PHENIX experiment in 2003 and previously published in S. S. Adler et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett 96, 012304 (2006)]. The high statistics proton-proton $J/\psi$ data taken in 2005 are used to improve the baseline measurement and thus construct updated cold nuclear matter modification factors ($R_{d\mathrm{Au}}$). A suppression of $J/\psi$ in cold nuclear matter is observed as one goes forward in rapidity (in the deuteron-going direction), corresponding to a region more sensitive to initial-state low-$x$ gluons in the gold nucleus. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to theoretical calculations of nuclear shadowing to which a $J/\psi$ (or precursor) breakup cross section is added. Breakup cross sections of ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{breakup}}=2.8_{-1.4}^{+1.7}$ $(2.2_{-1.5}^{+1.6})$ mb are obtained by fitting these calculations to the data using two different models of nuclear shadowing. These breakup cross-section values are consistent within large uncertainties with the $4.2\pm 0.5$ mb determined at lower collision energies. Projecting this range of cold nuclear matter effects to copper-copper and gold-gold collisions reveals that the current constraints are not sufficient to firmly quantify the additional hot nuclear matter effect.

The entrance channel optical potentials for $(\alpha ,2\alpha )$ reactions are calculated using single folding models. These are found to be much different from the conventional entrance channel potentials and use of these folded entrance channel optical potentials significantly change the absolute cross sections. Small reductions in the entrance channel potentials are found to increase the peak to dip cross section ratios drastically for the knockout of α-clusters bound in the $\ell =1$ state.

The reaction cross sections for neutron-rich nuclei with $7⩽Z⩽18$ on a ${}^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ target at intermediate energies ($30\text{−}65A$ MeV) are calculated and are compared with the corresponding recently reported new measurements. A finite-range Glauber model along with a Coulomb modification is used. The required nucleon density distributions of the relevant projectiles and the targets are obtained in the relativistic mean field framework. The calculations reproduce the experiment well. A simple phenomenological modification of the zero-range Glauber model is proposed to incorporate the finite-range effects. This one-parameter expression is found to reproduce the experimental reaction cross sections quite well.

The nucleus ${}^{74}\mathrm{Kr}$ has been populated in the ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$(${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$,$2p\alpha$)${}^{74}\mathrm{Kr}$ fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 165 MeV and studied using the Gammasphere and Microball multidetector arrays. The lifetimes for low-spin states in the ground-state and two signature-split negative-parity bands were determined using the Doppler-shift attenuation method. These results are discussed together with the lifetimes measured for the high-spin states of these bands and compared with theoretical calculations.

Highly excited states, up to spin $39\hslash$, have been established in ${}^{174}\mathrm{W}$, using the Gammasphere array. Ultimate cranker calculations predict the appearance of triaxial, strongly deformed structures above spin $30\hslash$ in ${}^{174}\mathrm{W}$. A new approach was developed for a comprehensive search of the data for such structures, similar to those observed in the Lu and Hf isotopes. No evidence was found for strongly deformed bands in the W isotopes populated in this experiment. Existing rotational structures have been considerably extended, allowing for the observation of both neutron and proton alignments in a number of bands. There is evidence for the $i_{13/2}$ neutron and possibly both the $h_{9/2}$ and $h_{11/2}$ proton crossings. The observed neutron and proton crossing frequencies are in good agreement with predictions of Woods-Saxon cranking calculations using an empirical pair-gap energy, and they lead to an improved understanding of the underlying structure of the bands.

Internal conversion coefficients have been measured for transitions in both normal deformed and triaxial strongly deformed bands in ${}^{167}\mathrm{Lu}$ using the Gammasphere and ICE Ball spectrometers. The results for all in-band transitions are consistent with $E2$ multipolarity. Upper limits are determined for the internal conversion coefficients for linking transitions between TSD Band 2 and TSD Band 1, the $n_w=1$ and $n_w=0$ wobbling bands, respectively.

In this paper we describe in full details a new family of recently found exact solutions of relativistic, perfect fluid dynamics. With an ansatz that generalizes the well-known Hwa-Bjorken solution we obtain a wide class of new exact, explicit, and simple solutions, which have a remarkable advantage as compared to presently known exact and explicit solutions: they do not lack acceleration. They can be utilized for the description of the evolution of the matter created in high energy heavy ion collisions. Because these solutions are accelerating, they provide a more realistic picture than the well-known Hwa-Bjorken solution, and give more insight into the dynamics of the matter. We exploit this by giving an advanced simple estimation of the initial energy density of the produced matter in high energy collisions, which takes acceleration effects, i.e., the work done by the pressure, and the modified change of the volume elements, into account. We also give an advanced estimation of the life-time of the reaction. Our new solutions can also be used to test numerical hydrodynamical codes reliably. In the end, we also give an exact, $1+1$ dimensional, relativistic hydrodynamical solution, where the initial pressure and velocity profile is arbitrary, and we show that this general solution is stable for perturbations.

The hot and dense strongly interacting matter created in collisions of heavy nuclei at RHIC energies is modeled with relativistic hydrodynamics, and the spectra of real and virtual photons produced at midrapidity in these events are calculated. Several different sources are considered, and their relative importance is compared. Specifically, we include jet fragmentation, jet-plasma interactions, the emission of radiation from the thermal medium and from primordial hard collisions. Our calculations consistently take into account jet energy loss, as evaluated in the AMY formalism. We obtain results for the spectra, the nuclear modification factor ($R_{\mathit{AA}}^{\gamma }$), and the azimuthal anisotropy ($v_2^{\gamma }$) that agree with the photon measurements performed by the PHENIX Collaboration at RHIC.

In-medium chiral perturbation theory is used to calculate the density dependence of the quark condensate $\langle \overline{q}q\rangle$. The corrections beyond the linear density approximation are obtained by differentiating the interaction contributions to the energy per particle of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter with respect to the pion mass. Our calculation treats systematically the effects from one-pion exchange (with $m_{\pi }$-dependent vertex corrections), iterated $1\pi$-exchange, and irreducible $2\pi$-exchange including intermediate $\Delta (1232)$-isobar excitations, with Pauli-blocking corrections up to three-loop order. We find a strong and nonlinear dependence of the “dropping” in-medium condensate on the actual value of the pion (or light quark) mass. In the chiral limit, $m_{\pi }=0$, chiral restoration appears to be reached already at about $1.5$ times normal nuclear matter density. By contrast, for the physical pion mass, $m_{\pi }=135$ MeV, the in-medium condensate stabilizes at about $60\%$ of its vacuum value above that same density. Effects from $2\pi$-exchange with virtual $\Delta (1232)$-isobar excitations turn out to be crucial in generating such pronounced deviations from the linear density approximation above ${\rho }_0$. The hindered tendency toward chiral symmetry restoration provides a justification for using pions and nucleons as effective low-energy degrees of freedom at least up to twice nuclear matter density.

Previously we calculated the binding energies of the triton and hypertriton, using an ${\mathrm{SU}}_6$ quark-model interaction obtained by a resonating-group method of two baryon clusters. In contrast to the previous calculations employing the energy-dependent interaction kernel, we present new results using a renormalized interaction that is energy-independent and still preserves all the two-baryon data. The new binding energies are slightly smaller than the previous values. In particular the triton binding energy turns out to be 8.14 MeV with a charge-dependence correction of the two-nucleon force, 190 keV, being included. This indicates that the energy to be accounted for by three-body forces is about 350 keV.

The strong octupole correlations in the mass region $A\approx 226$ are interpreted as rotation-induced condensation of octupole phonons having their angular momentum aligned with the rotational axis. Discrete phonon energy and parity conservation generate oscillations of the energy difference between the lowest rotational bands with positive and negative parity. Anharmonicities tend to synchronize the rotation of the condensate and the quadrupole shape of the nucleus forming a rotating heart shape.

For a one-body Hamiltonian obtained from the energy-density functional associated with a Skyrme effective interaction, including a tensor force, semiclassical functional densities are derived in the framework of the Extended Thomas-Fermi method, in spherical symmetry, for the kinetic energy and spin-orbit density. The structure of the self-consistent mean-field potentials constructed with such semiclassical functionals is studied. The impact of the tensor force in particular on the spin-orbit form factor clearly indicates the necessity of including such tensor-force terms in the theoretical description of atomic nuclei and their possible influence on the shell structure of exotic nuclei.

Previous dilepton measurements in heavy-ion collisions have mainly focused on invariant mass spectra to clarify in-medium changes of vector meson properties. However, a dimuon is characterized by two quantities— invariant mass $M$ and transverse momentum $p_T$. Like transverse momentum spectra of hadrons, $p_T$ spectra of dileptons arise from an interplay between emission temperature and collective transverse flow, whereas the invariant mass is insensitive to flow. Having two control parameters of which only one is sensitive to flow allows one at a given $M$ to characterize the emission region in terms of average temperature and flow. Thus, one can study what phases of the fireball evolution radiate into a given mass window. We demonstrate this technique using the dimuon transverse momentum spectra measured by the NA60 Collaboration and present strong arguments that a thermalized evolution phase with $T>170\mathrm{MeV}$ leaves an imprint in the spectra.