Using a recent parametrization of the fully antisymmetric three-nucleon wave function, based on the Paris and CD-Bonn potentials, we analyze the momentum distributions of constituents in ${}^3$He as well as the spin-dependent observables for ${(}^3\mathrm{He},d)$ and ${(}^3\mathrm{He},p)$ breakup reactions. Special attention is paid to the region of small relative momenta of the ${}^3$He constituents, where a single parameter, $D_2$, has a determining role for the spin-dependent observables in the $d+p$ channel. This fact results in some useful relations between experimental observables.

We describe low-lying collective states in deformed even-even nuclei within a deformed quasiparticle random-phase approximation (dQRPA) by using a single-particle basis with good angular momentum. The statistical factors, accounting for the level occupancy, appear in the dQRPA in a natural way as rotation coefficients that take the intrinsic system to the laboratory system. We have used our model by performing a systematic analysis of E2 transitions from the first $2^{+}$ state to the ground state for all superfluid nuclei in the range $50<Z\le 100$ by using a common charge polarization parameter $\chi =0.2$. In spite of its similarity to the QRPA, this method is able to describe in an unified way gross features of electromagnetic transitions from vibrational to rotational nuclei.

The radius of a nucleus is one of the important quantities in nuclear physics. Although there are many researches on ground-state properties of superheavy nuclei, researches on charge radii of superheavy nuclei are rare. In this article, nuclear root-mean-square (rms) charge radii of heavy and superheavy nuclei are extracted from the experimental $\alpha$-decay data. $\alpha$-decay calculations are performed within the generalized density-dependent cluster model, where $\alpha$-decay half-lives are evaluated using quasibound state wave functions. The charge distribution of daughter nuclei is determined in the double-folding model to reproduce the experimental $\alpha$-decay half-lives. The rms charge radius is then calculated using the resulting charge distribution. In addition, a simple formula is also proposed to calculate nuclear charge radii with the experimental $\alpha$-decay energies and half-lives. The formula is directly derived from the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin barrier penetration probability with some approximations. The two different methods show good agreement with the experimental data for even-even nuclei, and the deduced results are consistent with other theoretical models. Moreover, nuclear radii of heavy and superheavy nuclei with $Z=98$–116 are extracted from the $\alpha$-decay data, for which $\alpha$ decay is a unique tool to probe nuclear sizes at present. This is the first result on nuclear charge radii of superheavy nuclei based on the experimental $\alpha$-decay data.

Angular distributions for elastic and inelastic scattering of ${}^3$He from ${}^{12}$C were measured at energies 50.5 and 60 MeV. The Airy minimum of the prerainbow scattering was clearly observed in the angular distributions for the 0${}_2^{+}$ (7.65 MeV) state of ${}^{12}$C (Hoyle state). The experimental results were analyzed with a coupled channels method with double folding potentials derived from the microscopic wave functions for the ground 0${}_1^{+}$, 2${}^{+}$ (4.44 MeV), 3${}^{-}$ (9.64 MeV), and 0${}_2^{+}$ states. The analysis supports the view that the Hoyle state is a three $\alpha$ particle condensate with a large radius of dilute matter distribution.

We have measured the complete fusion, incomplete fusion, and the one-neutron stripping reaction for the ${}^9$Be+${}^{186}$W system, at energies not too much above the Coulomb barrier. The online and offline gamma ray spectroscopy methods were used for the derivation of the cross sections. A large value of one-neutron stripping cross section has been observed. The comparison of the data with coupled channel calculations without taking into account the breakup and transfer channels show the usual complete fusion suppression. The possible suppression of the total fusion is discussed.

Precise thermal neutron capture $\gamma$-ray cross sections ${\sigma }_{\gamma }$ for ${}^{39,40,41}$K were measured on a natural potassium target with the guided neutron beam at the Budapest Reactor. The cross sections were internally standardized using a stoichiometric KCl target with well-known ${}^{35}$Cl(n,$\gamma$) $\gamma$-ray cross sections [Révay and Molnár, Radiochimica Acta 91, 361 (2003); Molnár, Révay, and Belgya, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 213, 32 (2004)]. These data were combined with $\gamma$-ray intensities from von Egidy et al. [von Egidy, Daniel, Hungerford, Schmidt, Lieb, Krusche, Kerr, Barreau, Borner, Brissot et al., J. Phys. G. Nucl. Phys. 10, 221 (1984)] and Krusche et al. [Krusche, Lieb, Ziegler, Daniel, von Egidy, Rascher, Barreau, Borner, and Warner, Nucl. Phys. A 417, 231 (1984); Krusche, Winter, Lieb, Hungerford, Schmidt, von Egidy, Scheerer, Kerr, and Borner, Nucl. Phys. A 439, 219 (1985)] to generate nearly complete capture $\gamma$-ray level schemes. Total radiative neutron cross sections were deduced from the total $\gamma$-ray cross section feeding the ground state, ${\sigma }_0=\Sigma {\sigma }_{\gamma }\left(\mathrm{GS}\right)$ after correction for unobserved statistical $\gamma$-ray feeding from levels near the neutron capture energy. The corrections were performed with Monte Carlo simulations of the potassium thermal neutron capture decay schemes using the computer code dicebox where the simulated populations of low-lying levels are normalized to the measured cross section depopulating those levels. Comparisons of the simulated and experimental level feeding intensities have led to proposed new spins and parities for selected levels in the potassium isotopes where direct reactions are not a significant contribution. We determined the total radiative neutron cross sections ${\sigma }_0{(}^{39}\text{K})=2.28\pm 0.04$ b, ${\sigma }_0{(}^{40}\text{K})=90\pm 7$ b, and ${\sigma }_0{(}^{41}\text{K})=1.62\pm 0.03$ b from the prompt $\gamma$-ray data and the $\gamma$-ray transition probability $P_{\gamma }\left(1524.66\right)=0.164\left(4\right)$ in the ${\beta }^{-}$ decay of ${}^{42}$K in a low-background counting experiment.

The convolution approach, which is widely employed to describe final-state interactions in the response of many-body systems, is derived from the expression of the nuclear response in the zeroth-order ladder approximation. Within this framework, the folding function, accounting for the effects of interactions between the struck particle and the spectator system, can be immediately related to the spectral function of particle states. The role of nucleon-nucleon correlations in determining the energy dependence is analyzed.

Dihadron azimuthal correlations in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}=200$ GeV are explored by using a multiphase transport model. To obtain the contributions from jet-medium interactions, the combined harmonic flow background is subtracted from the raw dihadron correlation functions. The signals are compared in three associated transverse momentum ($p_T^{\text{assoc}}$) bins: 0.2–0.8, 0.8–1.4, and 1.4–2.0 GeV/$c$ from central to semiperipheral geometries. The medium modifications are observed from changes in the signal shape and the relative jet contribution is obtained within the change in the centrality from the peripheral to the central one. A strong $p_T^{\text{assoc}}$ dependence of the rms width of the jet-correlation function is observed within the central geometry bin, i.e., 0–10$\%$.

Background: In the environment of high neutrino fluxes provided in core-collapse supernovae or neutron star mergers, neutrino-induced reactions with nuclei contribute to the nucleosynthesis processes. A number of terrestrial neutrino detectors are based on inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering and modeling of the respective cross sections allow predictions of the expected detector reaction rates.

Purpose: To provide a self-consistent microscopic description of neutrino-nucleus cross sections involving a large pool of $Z=8$–82 nuclei for the implementation in models of nucleosynthesis and neutrino detector simulations.

Methods: Self-consistent theory framework based on relativistic nuclear energy density functional is employed to determine the nuclear structure of the initial state and relevant transitions to excited states induced by neutrinos. The weak neutrino-nucleus interaction is employed in the current-current form and a complete set of transition operators is taken into account.

Results: We perform large-scale calculations of charged-current neutrino-nucleus cross sections, including those averaged over supernova neutrino fluxes, for the set of even-even target nuclei from oxygen toward lead ($Z=8$–82), spanning $N=8$–182 (OPb pool). The model calculations include allowed and forbidden transitions up to $J=5$ multipoles.

Conclusions: The present analysis shows that the self-consistent calculations result in considerable differences in comparison to previously reported cross sections, and for a large number of target nuclei the cross sections are enhanced. Revision in modeling $r$-process nucleosynthesis based on a self-consistent description of neutrino-induced reactions would allow an updated insight into the origin of elements in the Universe and it would provide the estimate of uncertainties in the calculated element abundance patterns.

We present a new derivation of relativistic dissipative hydrodynamic equations, which invokes the second law of thermodynamics for the entropy four-current expressed in terms of the single-particle phase-space distribution function obtained from Grad's 14-moment approximation. This derivation is complete in the sense that all the second-order transport coefficients are uniquely determined within a single theoretical framework. In particular, this removes the long-standing ambiguity in the relaxation time for bulk viscosity thereby eliminating one of the uncertainties in the extraction of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio from confrontation with the anisotropic flow data in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We find that in the one-dimensional scaling expansion, these transport coefficients prevent the occurrence of cavitation even for rather large values of the bulk viscosity estimated in lattice QCD.

The dipole strength of the $N=50$ nucleus ${}^{86}$Kr was studied in photon-scattering experiments using bremsstrahlung produced with electron beams of energies of 7.9 and 11.2 MeV delivered by the linear accelerator ELBE as well as using quasimonoenergetic and linearly polarized $\gamma$ rays of 10 energies within the range from 4.7 to 9.3 MeV delivered by the HI$\gamma$S facility. A high-pressure gas target was used. We identified 39 levels up to an excitation energy of 10.1 MeV. Simulations of $\gamma$-ray cascades were performed to estimate intensities of inelastic transitions and to correct the intensities of the ground-state transitions for their branching ratios. The photoabsorption cross section derived in this way up to the neutron-separation energy is combined with the photoabsorption cross section obtained from a $(\gamma ,n)$ experiment at HI$\gamma$S. The enhanced $E1$ strength found in the range from 6 to 10 MeV is compared with the ones in the $N$ $=$ 50 isotones ${}^{88}$Sr, ${}^{90}$Zr, and ${}^{92}$Mo and with predictions of calculations within the quasiparticle-phonon model.

The double Penning trap mass spectrometer JYFLTRAP has been employed to measure masses and excitation energies for $11/2^{-}$ isomers in ${}^{121}$Cd, ${}^{123}$Cd, ${}^{125}$Cd, and ${}^{133}$Te, for $1/2^{-}$ isomers in ${}^{129}$In and ${}^{131}$In, and for $7^{-}$ isomers in ${}^{130}$Sn and ${}^{134}$Sb. These first direct mass measurements of the Cd and In isomers reveal deviations to the excitation energies based on results from $\beta$-decay experiments and yield new information on neutron- and proton-hole states close to ${}^{132}$Sn. A new excitation energy of $144\left(4\right)$ keV has been determined for ${}^{123}$Cd${}^m$. A good agreement with the precisely known excitation energies of ${}^{121}$Cd${}^m$, ${}^{130}$Sn${}^m$, and ${}^{134}$Sb${}^m$ has been found.

A simple phenomenological model based on the Gamow theory for the evaluation of half-lives for $\alpha$ and cluster radioactivity is proposed. The model contains only one adjustable parameter: the nuclear radius constant, common for both kind of decays and an additional hindrance factor to the lifetimes which gives the effect of an odd particle. A good agreement with the experimental data for nuclei with $Z\ge 84$ and $N\ge 104$ is achieved.

A systematic study on the effect of secondary decay on the symmetry energy coefficient extracted by isoscaling and the recently proposed isobaric yield ratio methods within the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM) is performed. The correlations between the input symmetry energy coefficients and the calculated ones from both primary and secondary fragment yields are analyzed. Results for secondary fragments show that the best estimation of the input symmetry energy coefficient within SMM is obtained by the isoscaling method, using the yields of light fragments. A comparison to experimental results is also presented.

We examine the influence of the anisotropy of the superfluid energy gap and residual Fermi-liquid interactions in the triplet-correlated neutron liquid onto neutrino energy losses through neutral weak currents. The neutrino-pair emission caused by the pair breaking and formation processes and by the spin-wave decays is considered for the case of the ${}^3{P}_2$ pairing in the state with $m_j=0$. The simple analytical formulas are obtained. A comparison with the previous results of the average-angle approach shows that the gap anisotropy leads to quenching of the neutrino emissivity caused by the pair recombination processes on about 15$\%$ and to substantial suppression of the spin-wave decays. Residual particle-hole interactions increase the energy losses in both the channels on about 5$\%$.

We present results of fully self-consistent Hartree-Fock-based random phase approximation calculations of the strength functions $S$($E$) and centroid energies $E_{\mathrm{CEN}}$ of isoscalar ($T=0$) and isovector ($T=1$) giant resonances of multipolarities $L=$ 0–3 in ${}^{40}$Ca and ${}^{48}$Ca, using a wide range of commonly employed 18 Skyrme-type nucleon-nucleon effective interactions. We determined the sensitivities of $E_{\mathrm{CEN}}$ and of the isotopic differences $E_{\mathrm{CEN}}$(${}^{48}$Ca) – $E_{\mathrm{CEN}}$(${}^{40}$Ca) to physical quantities, such as nuclear matter incompressibility coefficient, symmetry energy density, and effective mass, associated with the Skyrme interactions and compare the results with the available experimental data.

We describe the excited $0^{+}$ state of ${}^{12}$C at 7.654 MeV, often called the Hoyle state, in terms of a local potential ${}^8$Be+$\alpha$ cluster model. We use a previously published prescription for the cluster-core potential to solve the Schrödinger equation to obtain wave functions for this state, and also for higher angular momentum states of the same system. We calculate energies, widths, and charge radii for the resulting band of states, with particular emphasis on the recently discovered $2^{+}$ state. We examine various choices of the global quantum number $G=2n+L$ for the cluster-core relative motion, and find that $G=6$ leads to the most coherent description of the properties of the states and is consistent with recent experimental data on the $L=2$ state.

The nature of $E1$ low-energy strength (LES), often denoted as a “pygmy dipole resonance”, is analyzed within the random-phase approximation (RPA) in ${}^{208}$Pb using Skyrme forces in a fully self-consistent manner. A first overview is given by the strength functions for the dipole, compressional, and toroidal operators. More detailed insight is gained by averaged transition densities and currents where the latter provide a very illustrative flow pattern. The analysis reveals clear isoscalar toroidal flow in the low-energy bin 6.0–8.8 MeV of the LES and a mixed isoscalar/isovector toroidal/compression flow in the higher bin 8.8–10.5 MeV. Thus the modes covered by LES embrace both vortical and irrotational motion. The simple collective picture of the LES as a “pygmy” mode (oscillations of the neutron excess against the nuclear core) is not confirmed.

The energy spectra of the $\alpha$ particles emitted in the reactions ${}^{16}$O (7–10 MeV/nucleon)+${}^{12}$C have been measured in the center-of-mass angular range of ${25}^{\circ }\lesssim {\theta }_{\text{c.m.}}\lesssim {70}^{\circ }$. The experimental energy spectra have been compared with those obtained from the statistical model calculation with “deformability” parameters predicted by rotating liquid drop model (rldm) and also fitted the same with optimized deformability parameters, which are quite different from the respective rldm values. The data have also been found to be explained quite well using “frozen” deformation approximation, where the deformability parameters have been kept fixed at rldm values of the parent nucleus throughout the decay process. The effective radius in the latter case is smaller compared to that obtained using the optimized parameters; however, in both cases, the deformations (effective radii) are larger than the corresponding rldm values. So, considering the uncertainties in the estimation of actual compound nucleus deformations, it can, only qualitatively, be said that equilibrium orbiting, which is similar to particle evaporation in time scale, could also be one of the contributing factors for the observed deformation.

Collinear color electric and magnetic fields are thought to be produced immediately after high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We discuss anomalous gluon production under the background gauge fields. The gluons are Nielsen-Olesen unstable modes. The production rate of the modes by the Schwinger mechanism has recently been found to be anomalously larger than the rate of quarks or other stable gluons. Analyzing classical evolutions of the modes with initial conditions given by vacuum fluctuations, we find that their production makes the color electric field decay very rapidly. The lifetime of the field is approximately given by the inverse of saturation momentum in the collisions. We also show that the mode with zero momentum forms a Bose condensate, and its gluon number density grows to be of the order of $1/{\alpha }_g$. After the saturation of the gluon number density, the condensate melts into quark-gluon plasma owing to nonlinear interactions in QCD.