The dynamical multiplicity fluctuations and correlations of identified baryons and antibaryons produced by the hadronization of a bulk quark system are systematically studied in a quark combination model. Starting from the most basic dynamics of the quark combination which is necessary for multiplicity study, we analyze moments (variance, skewness, and kurtosis) of inclusive multiplicity distributions of identified baryons, two-baryon multiplicity correlations, and baryon-antibaryon multiplicity correlations after the hadronization of a quark system with given quark number and antiquark number. We obtain a series of interesting results, e.g., binomial behavior of multiplicity moments, coinciding flavor-dependent two-baryon correlation, and universal baryon-antibaryon correlation, which can be regarded as general features of the quark combination. We further take into account correlations and fluctuations of quark numbers before hadronization and study their influence on multiple production of baryons and antibaryons. We find that quark number fluctuations and flavor conservation lead to a series of important results such as the negative $p{\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}}^{+}$ multiplicity correlation and universal two-baryon correlations. We also study the influence of resonance decays in order to compare our results with future experimental data in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

The energy-level structure of the ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ nucleus at a few MeV above the three-$\alpha \left(3\alpha \right)$ threshold is still unsatisfactorily known. For instance, most microscopic calculations predicted that there exist one $0^{+}$ state in this energy region besides the well-known Hoyle state, whereas some experimental and theoretical studies show the existence of two $0^{+}$ states. In this paper, I will take a $3\alpha$-boson model for bound and continuum states in ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and study a transition process from the ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}\left(0_1^{+}\right)$ ground state to $3\alpha 0^{+}$ continuum states by the electric monopole $\left(E0\right)$ operator. The strength distribution of the process will be calculated as a function of $3\alpha$ energy using the Faddeev three-body theory. The Hamiltonian for the $3\alpha$ system consists of two- and three-$\alpha$ potentials, and some three-$\alpha$ potentials with different range parameters will be examined. Results of the strength function show a double-peaked bump at the low-energy region, which can be considered as two $0^{+}$ states. The peak at higher energy may originate from a $3\alpha$ resonant state. However, it is unlikely that the peak at the lower energy is related to a resonant state, which suggests that it may be due to a so-called “ghost anomaly.” Distributions of decaying particles are also calculated.

An empirical semiclassical model has been proposed to investigate the nature of dynamic moment of inertia of the superdeformed (SD) bands in nuclei of mass 150 region. The model incorporates an additional frequency dependent distortion to the dynamic moment-of-inertia term akin to a vibrational component to explain the extreme spin structure of these bands. Using this model three distinct natures of the dynamic moment-of-inertia, have been identified for the SD band structure for the mass 150 region. This study establishes the role of the vibrational mode in the extreme high spin rotational structure of the atomic nuclei.

Within the framework of a relativistic single-particle model, we calculate inclusive electron-nucleus scattering by electromagnetic current, and neutrino-nucleus scattering by neutral and charged current in the quasi-elastic region. The longitudinal, the transverse, and the transverse-interference structure functions are extracted from the theoretical cross section by using the Rosenbluth separation method at fixed momentum transfer and scattering angle and then compared with each other from the viewpoint of these current interactions. The position of peak for the electron scattering shifts to higher energy transfer than that for the neutrino scattering. The axial and pseudoscalar terms turn out to play an important role in the neutrino-nucleus scattering.

The elastic scattering and breakup reactions of the halo nucleus ${}^{11}\mathrm{Be}$ on deuterons at an incident energy of $26.9A$ MeV are reported for the first time. Special attention has been paid to the determination and subtraction of the proton contaminations in the deuterated polyethylene ${\left({\mathrm{CD}}_2\right)}_n$ target (where ${\mathrm{D}}_2$ denotes ${}^2\mathrm{H}_2$). The cross sections for elastic scattering are analyzed with the systematic optical potentials of Daehnick et al. and DA1p, as well as with single-folding potentials, derived from the Jeukenne-Lejeune-Mahaux effective nucleon-nucleon interaction. An extended version of the continuum-discretized coupled-channels (XCDCC) formalism, including dynamic core excitation (DCX) effects, is applied to analyze the elastic scattering and breakup data. Comparisons of the full XCDCC calculation with that omitting DCX effects indicate that the core excitation plays a remarkable role in reproducing breakup reactions of ${}^{11}\mathrm{Be}+d$.

Based on the recently updated isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) transport model, we studied the effects of symmetry energy on the neutron to proton ratio $n/p$ and the ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio in the central ${}^{132}\mathrm{Sn}+{}^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ reaction at 300 MeV/nucleon. It is found that the $n/p$ ratio and the ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio in the central ${}^{132}\mathrm{Sn}+{}^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ reaction at 300 MeV/nucleon mainly probe the symmetry energy in the density region 1–1.5 times saturation density. However, the ${\pi }^{-}/{\pi }^{+}$ ratio may be able to probe the density-dependent symmetry energy above 1.5 times saturation density by making some kinematic restrictions such as the azimuthal angle and kinetic energy cuts of emitting pions.

Metastable $CP$-odd domains of the hot QCD matter are coupled to QED via the chiral anomaly. The topology of electromagnetic field in these domains is characterized by magnetic helicity. It is argued, using the Maxwell-Chern-Simons model, that spatial inhomogeneity of the domains induces spontaneous transitions of electromagnetic field between the opposite magnetic helicity states.

The low-energy excitation level schemes of the neutron-rich ${}^{38–42}\mathrm{S}$ isotopes are investigated via in-beam $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy following the fragmentation of ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ and ${}^{46}\mathrm{Ar}$ projectiles on a ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target at intermediate beam energies. Information on $\gamma \gamma$ coincidences complemented by comparisons to shell-model calculations were used to construct level schemes for these neutron-rich nuclei. The experimental data are discussed in the context of large-scale shell-model calculations with the SDPF-MU effective interaction in the $sd\text{−}pf$ shell. For the even-mass S isotopes, the evolution of the yrast sequence is explored as well as a peculiar change in decay pattern of the second $2^{+}$ states at $N=26$. For the odd-mass ${}^{41}\mathrm{S}$, a level scheme is presented that seems complete below 2.2 MeV and consistent with the predictions by the SDPF-MU shell-model Hamiltonian; this is a remarkable benchmark given the rapid shell and shape evolution at play in the S isotopes as the broken-down $N=28$ magic number is approached. Furthermore, the population of excited final states in projectile fragmentation is discussed.

We propose a self-consistent quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) plus quasiparticle-vibration coupling (QPVC) model with Skyrme interactions to describe the width and the line shape of giant resonances in open-shell nuclei, in which the effect of superfluidity should be taken into account in both the ground state and the excited states. We apply the new model to the Gamow-Teller resonance in the superfluid nucleus ${}^{120}\mathrm{Sn}$, including both the isoscalar spin-triplet and the isovector spin-singlet pairing interactions. The strength distribution in ${}^{120}\mathrm{Sn}$ is well reproduced and the underlying microscopic mechanisms, related to QPVC and also to isoscalar pairing, are analyzed in detail.

We derive the free energy for fermions and bosons from fragmentation data. Inspired by the symmetry and pairing energy of the Weizsäcker mass formula, we obtain the free energy of fermions (nucleons) and bosons (alphas and deuterons) using Landau's free-energy approach. We confirm previously obtained results for fermions and show that the free energy for $\alpha$ particles is negative and close to the free energy for ideal Bose gases and in perfect agreement with the free energy of an interacting Bose gas under the repulsive Coulomb force. Deuterons behave more similarly to fermions (positive free energy) rather than bosons, which is probably due to their low binding energy. We show that the $\alpha$-particle fraction is dominant at all temperatures and densities explored in this work. This is consistent with their negative free energy, which favors clusterization of nuclear matter into $\alpha$ particles at subsaturation densities and finite temperatures.

Dramatic differences in the elastic scattering of the neutron rich nuclei ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ and ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ are found when new high quality data for the ${}^8\mathrm{He}+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ system are compared with previously published ${}^6\mathrm{He}+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ data at the same laboratory frame incident energy. The new ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ data are of the same level of detail as for stable beams. When comparing them with those previously obtained for ${}^6\mathrm{He}+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ at the same energy, it is possible to determine from the data alone that ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ has a much longer range absorption than ${}^8\mathrm{He}$. However, both nuclei show significant absorption beyond their strong absorption radii. While it has been known for a long time that elastic scattering at energies around the barrier only determines the optical potential over a small distance in radial space, typically $\pm 0.5$ fm or so, both the ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ and the ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ imaginary potentials obtained from various optical model fits to these data are the same over a much wider range of $\pm 1.5$ fm.

We deduced the stellar $\beta$-decay rate of ${}^{59}\mathrm{Fe}$ at typical carbon-shell burning temperature by taking the experimental Gamow-Teller transition strengths of the ${}^{59}\mathrm{Fe}$ excited states. The result is also compared with those derived from large-scale shell model calculations. The new rate is up to a factor of 2.5 lower than the theoretical rate of Fuller, Fowler, and Newman (FFN) and up to a factor of 5 higher than decay rate of Langanke and Martínez-Pinedo (LMP) in the temperature region $0.5\le T\le 2$ GK. We estimated the impact of the newly determined rate on the synthesis of cosmic $\gamma$ emitter ${}^{60}\mathrm{Fe}$ in C-shell burning and explosive C/Ne burning using a one-zone model calculation. Our results show that ${}^{59}\mathrm{Fe}$ stellar $\beta$ decay plays an important role in ${}^{60}\mathrm{Fe}$ nucleosynthesis, even though the uncertainty of the decay rate is rather large due to the error of $B$(GT) strengths.

Recent progress in theory, experiment, and observation challenges the mean-field models by using the conventional Skyrme interaction, suggesting that the extension of the conventional Skyrme interaction is necessary. In this work, by fitting the experimental data of a number of finite nuclei together with a few additional constraints on nuclear matter using the simulated annealing method, we construct three Skyrme interaction parameter sets; namely, eMSL07, eMSL08, and eMSL09, based on an extended Skyrme interaction which includes additional momentum and density-dependent two-body forces to effectively simulate the momentum dependence of the three-body force. The three new interactions (i) can reasonably describe the ground-state properties and the isoscalar giant monopole resonance energies of various spherical nuclei used in the fit as well as the ground-state properties of many other spherical nuclei, (ii) nicely conform to the current knowledge on the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter, (iii) eliminate the notorious unphysical instabilities of symmetric nuclear matter and pure neutron matter up to a very high density of $1.2{\mathrm{fm}}^{-3}$, and (iv) simultaneously support heavier neutron stars with mass larger than two times the solar mass. One important difference of the three new interactions involves the prediction of the symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities, and these new interactions are thus potentially useful for the future determination of the largely uncertain high-density symmetry energy. In addition, the predictions of nuclear matter, finite nuclei, and neutron stars made using the three new interactions are compared with those made using the three typical interactions BSk22, BSk24, and BSk26 from the Brussels group.

We measured multinucleon transfer reactions in the ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ system at an energy close to the Coulomb barrier, by employing the PRISMA magnetic spectrometer. We extracted differential and total cross sections of the different transfer channels, with a careful investigation of the total kinetic energy loss distributions. Comparisons between different systems having the same ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ target and with projectiles going from neutron-poor to neutron-rich nuclei, i.e., ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, and ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$, as well as between the data and GRAZING calculations have been carried out. The neutron-rich (stable) ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ beam allowed us to get access to the channels involving proton pickup, whose behavior in connection with the production of neutron-rich heavy partner has been outlined.

We study the quark mass dependence of the $H$ dibaryon in the strangeness $S=-2$ baryon-baryon scattering. A low-energy effective field theory is used to describe the coupled-channel scattering, in which the quark mass dependence is incorporated so as to reproduce the lattice QCD data by the HAL QCD collaboration in the SU(3) limit. We point out the existence of the Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson pole in the $\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }$ scattering amplitude below the threshold in the SU(3) limit, which may cause the Ramsauer-Townsend effect near the $N\mathrm{\Xi }$ threshold at the physical point. The $H$ dibaryon is unbound at the physical point, and a resonance appears just below the $N\mathrm{\Xi }$ threshold. As a consequence of the coupled-channel dynamics, the pole associated with the resonance is not continuously connected to the bound state in the SU(3) limit. Through the extrapolation in quark masses, we show that the unitary limit of the $\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }$ scattering is achieved between the physical point and the SU(3) limit. We discuss the possible realization of the “$H$ matter” in the unphysical quark mass region.

Projectile breakup cross sections in the ${}^6\mathrm{Li}+{}^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ reaction have been measured at two beam energies, 30 and 22 MeV. Cross sections for sequential breakup of ${}^6\mathrm{Li}$ into $\alpha +d$ via its resonant state of $1^{+}$ (5.65 MeV) in the continuum have been measured for the first time along with two other dominant resonant states of $3^{+}$ (2.18 MeV) and $2^{+}$ (4.31 MeV) at $E_{\mathrm{beam}}=30$ MeV. However, at 22 MeV, the $\alpha +d$ breakup is found to be only due to direct breakup process. Cross sections measured for sequential breakup via two transfer channels, $\left({}^6\mathrm{Li},{}^5\mathrm{Li}\right)$ and $\left({}^6\mathrm{Li},{}^8\mathrm{Be}\right)$, into $\alpha +p$ and $\alpha +\alpha$, respectively, and the above $\alpha +d$ breakup channels compared with the results of coupled-channels calculations unravel the reaction mechanisms involving a weakly bound projectile and different processes leading to large inclusive $\alpha$-particle production.

We renormalize the chiral effective field theory potential in harmonic-oscillator (HO) model space. The low energy constants (LECs) are utilized to absorb not just the ultraviolet part of the physics due to the cutoff, but also the infrared part due to the truncation of model space. We use the inverse $J$-matrix method to reproduce the nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts in the given model space. We demonstrate that by including the NLO correction, the nucleon-nucleon scattering in the continuum could be well reproduced in the truncated HO trap space up to laboratory energy $T_{\mathrm{lab}}=100\mathrm{MeV}$ with number of HO basis $n_{\max }$ as small as 10. A perturbative power counting starts at subleading order is adopted in this work, and how to extract the perturbative contribution is demonstrated. This work serves as the input to perform ab initio calculations.

Within the enhanced density dependent cluster model, with specific concern for density distributions in related nuclei, we investigate $\alpha$ decay and cluster radioactivity in uranium isotopes in the range $217\le A\le 243$. The available experimental data are found to be well reproduced, especially including the very recently measured values of new neutron-deficient isotopes. The half-lives of possible cluster emissions are consequently predicted as well, and will be somewhat valuable for future detection. Moreover, $\beta$ decay half-lives of these nuclei are also evaluated with respect to all kinds of $\beta$ processes, while their spontaneous fission lifetimes are provided via an effective relationship between the half-life and crucial quantities, namely the fissility parameter and fission barriers. In this sense, a full understanding of decay properties in uranium isotopes is expected to be achieved by combining their various radioactive features.

The neutron-rich nuclei ${}^{158,160}\mathrm{Nd}$ have been studied via delayed $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy of $\mu \mathrm{s}$ isomeric states at the RIBF facility, RIKEN. These nuclei were produced following the projectile fission of a 345 $A\mathrm{MeV}{}^{238}\mathrm{U}$ beam and delayed $\gamma$ rays were detected by the EURICA cluster Ge array. The isomeric states have measured half-lives of 339(20) ns and 1.63(21) $\mu \mathrm{s}$ for ${}^{158}\mathrm{Nd}$ and ${}^{160}\mathrm{Nd}$, respectively. From the observed $\gamma$ decays and the systematics of levels in the neighboring Nd isotopes first level schemes were constructed for these nuclei. The isomeric states of ${}^{158,160}\mathrm{Nd}$ have been assigned spins of $\left(6^{-}\right)$ and $\left(4^{-}\right)$, with proposed $\nu 5/2\left[523\right]\otimes \nu 7/2\left[633\right]$ and $\nu 1/2\left[521\right]\otimes \nu 7/2\left[633\right]$ configurations, respectively.