The reaction ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}({}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He},d){}_{}{}^{33}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cl}$ has been studied at bombarding energies of 29.7 and 34.5 MeV. Angular distributions measured for levels up to 8.7-MeV excitation were analyzed with the distorted-wave Born approximation, utilizing for the quasibound levels a resonance-form-factor technique developed previously. The resulting spectroscopic factors are compared with the 15-MeV (${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He},d$) results of Morrison, with values deduced from elastic scattering widths, and with recent theoretical calculations. Significant disagreements with the 15-MeV results are observed for the ground state ($l_p=2\mathrm{}$) and 2.69-MeV level ($l_p=3\mathrm{}$), while reasonable agreement with the elastic scattering results are observed for $l_p=3\mathrm{}$ levels of higher excitation.

Foils of enriched ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{64}$ (99.85%) were bombarded with ${\mathrm{He}}^3$ particles with energies of 22.2, 29.5, 37.7, and 43.4 MeV after which $\gamma$-ray spectra were accumulated from the radioactive foils with a large Ge(Li) detector and a 4096-channel pulse-height analyzer system. The isotopes produced were determined by the $\beta$-delayed $\gamma$ rays and their corresponding half-lives. No chemical separation of the foils was performed.

Cross sections for a particular reaction were determined for each isotope and beam energy. The resulting excitation functions for the 13 reactions which were detected are presented, and are compared with similar reactions including those induced by ${\mathrm{He}}^3$ on Cu isotopes. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed. Direct reactions appear to be the principal reaction mechanism, especially at higher ${\mathrm{He}}^3$-particle energies where cluster-transfer reactions are common.

Levels of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{38}$ below an excitation energy of 2.75 MeV have been studied with the reaction ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}(d,p\gamma ){\mathrm{Cl}}^{38}$ at a deuteron bombarding energy of 3.1 MeV. $\gamma$-ray branching ratios and Doppler-shift information were obtained from proton-$\gamma$ coincidence measurements using Ba${\mathrm{Cl}}_2$ targets enriched in ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$. Excitation energies were determined from singles measurements, as well as from the coincidence studies for the 10 levels previously reported in this energy range. The $J^{\pi }=1^{+}$ level at 1942 keV, which is strongly excited in the $\beta$ decay of ${\mathrm{S}}^{38}$ and which was not observed in ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}\mathrm{}(d,p)\mathrm{}{\mathrm{Cl}}^{38}$ studies with a magnetic spectrograph, is also weakly populated. Excitation energies (in keV) and mean lives (in psec) for the lowest 10 levels are 671.27 ± 0.16; 755.26 ± 0.11, 0.53 ± 0.18; 1308.87 ± 0.14, ${1.0}_{-0.4\mathrm{}}^{+0.9\mathrm{}}$; 1617.21 ± 0.14, ${2.3}_{-0.9\mathrm{}}^{+2.3\mathrm{}}$; 1692.4 ± 0.2, 1.9 ± 0.7; 1745.8 ± 0.3, ${2.1}_{-0.7\mathrm{}}^{+1.4\mathrm{}}$; 1785.1 ± 0.5, 0.09 ± 0.03; 1941.7 ± 0.2; 1981.11 ± 0.15, 0.43 ± 0.09; and 2743.1 ± 0.4, ≤ 0.03. The multipole strengths of the transitions linking these states with the $2^{-}$ ground state and $5^{-}$ first excited state lead in combination with the $l_n$ transfer values from previous ($d,p$) work to the following spin-parity assignments; $J^{\pi }\mathrm{}\left(755\right)=3^{-}$; $J^{\pi }\mathrm{}\left(1309\right)=4^{-}$; $J^{\pi }\mathrm{}\left(1617\right)=3^{-}$; $J^{\pi }\mathrm{}\left(1692\right)=1^{-}, 2^{-}, or 3^{-}$; $J^{\pi }\mathrm{}\left(1785\right)=2^{+}, 3^{+}, or 4^{+}$; $J^{\pi }\mathrm{}\left(1981\right)=2^{-} or 3^{-}$; and $J^{\pi }\mathrm{}\left(2743\right)=3^{-}$. The experimental results are compared with shell-model calculations and with predictions from the Pandya transformation of the known ${\left(\pi 1d_{\frac{3}{2}}\right)}^{-1\mathrm{}}\left(\nu 1f_{\frac{7}{2}}\right)$ and ${\left(\pi 1d_{\frac{3}{2}}\right)}^{-1\mathrm{}}\left(\nu 2p_{\frac{3}{2}}\right)$ quadruplets in ${\mathrm{K}}^{40}$.

Levels of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{56}$ up to 2.6 MeV of excitation have been studied by ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}(p,n\gamma )$ coincidence experiments. $\gamma$ rays were detected with a 40-${\mathrm{cm}}^3$ coaxial Ge(Li) detector. Neutrons were detected with a ${1000-\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^3$ liquid scintillation counter. Pulse-shape discrimination was used to distinguish neutrons from the $\gamma$-ray contamination in the neutron detector. Energy and time-of-flight information was stored for each coincident event on magnetic tape with 1024×256-channel resolution. Gated one-dimensional $\gamma$ spectra were also taken with 4096-channel resolution in order to obtain accurate energies (±0.5 keV). Proton beam energies of 7.7, 8.1, 8.5, 9.5, and 10 MeV were used to determine the approximate threshold for the appearance of the individual $\gamma$ rays. 21 ${\mathrm{Co}}^{56}$ $\gamma$ rays were identified. The decay scheme constructed is consistent with the known information on this nucleus and supports a number of spin assignments recently suggested by Schneider and Daehnick. The experimental procedure is discussed in some detail.

The level structure of ${}_{}{}^{44}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$ has been studied using the ${}_{}{}^{46}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}\mathrm{}(p,t)\mathrm{}$ reaction at a proton energy of 51 MeV. Experimental angular distributions were compared with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations to determine the angular momentum transfers. Spin, parity, and enhancement factors were extracted for the levels observed up to 9.330-MeV excitation energy. The measured $Q$ value for the ground-state transition was determined to be -14.235 ± 0.010 MeV. A strong $L=2\mathrm{}$ transition at $E_x=6.600\mathrm{}$ MeV is assigned as the $T=1\mathrm{}$ analog of the ${}_{}{}^{44}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sc}$ ground state, and an $L=0\mathrm{}$ transition at 9.330 MeV is assigned as the $T=2\mathrm{}$ analog of the ${}_{}{}^{44}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ ground state.

The influence of isospin on statistical nuclear decay at approximately 20 MeV is investigated for two composite systems ${}_{}{}^{66}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$ and ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$ by measurement of the cross sections and the energy spectra of protons and α particles emitted from the two composite systems. The composite system ${}_{}{}^{66}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$ was formed at an excitation energy of 19.7 MeV in the ${}_{}{}^{65}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}+p$ and ${}_{}{}^{62}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}+\alpha$ reactions, while the composite system ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$ was formed at an excitation energy of 19.5 MeV in the ${}_{}{}^{63}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}+p$ and ${}_{}{}^{60}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}+\alpha$ reactions. In both systems the experimental cross-section ratio $\frac{\sigma (\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime })\sigma (p,p^{\prime })}{\sigma (\alpha ,p)\sigma (p,\alpha )}$ exceeded the value of approximately unity predicted by the Bohr independence hypothesis and the statistical theory of compound-nuclear decay including angular momentum. The cross-section ratios were 2.2 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.1 for the ${}_{}{}^{66}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$ and ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$ composite systems, respectively. The major part of the deviation of these ratios from unity in both the composite systems is ascribed to an isospin selection rule acting in the $T_{>}$ states of both composite systems which causes these states to decay preferentially by proton emission. Other factors which might enhance these ratios, such as direct reactions and reduced moments of inertia, are considered and are found to change the above ratios by a relatively small amount.

Angular correlations and branching ratios have been measured for the 2.65-, 2.86-, 2.91-, 4.14-, and 4.30-MeV states in ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$. When combined with the known lifetimes, the results exclude spins $\frac{7}{2}$ and $\frac{9}{2}$ for the 2.86-MeV state and spin $\frac{3}{2}$ for the 2.91-MeV state; the branching ratios suggest that the 2.86- and 2.91-MeV states are the mirrors of states at 2.98 and 3.00 MeV ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$. The 4.30-MeV state is assigned $J^{\pi }={\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$; its decay scheme is very similar to that of the 4.41-MeV state in ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$. Multipole mixing ratios are presented and compared with the predictions for mirror nuclei recently reported for $\mathrm{sd}$-shell nuclei.

The ($p,t$) reaction on the even-even $N=Z$ nuclei in the $2s1d$ shell has been used to study the energy levels of ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$, ${}_{}{}^{22}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$, ${}_{}{}^{26}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$, ${}_{}{}^{30}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$, ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$, and ${}_{}{}^{38}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$. The energies of the excited states observed are reported along with spin and parity assignments when possible. Two-nucleon-transfer distorted-wave calculations were carried out. Comparisons are made with the shapes of the experimental angular distributions. It is found that the calculated shapes are primarily dependent upon the $L$ transfer and the optical-model parameters. The magnitudes of the calculated cross sections are found to depend strongly not only on the optical-model parameters, but also the bound-state parameters and the configuration mixing in the initial and final nuclear wave functions.

Highly excited levels of ${}_{}{}^{59}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Co}$ have been populated by the ${}_{}{}^{59}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Co}(p,p^{\prime })$ and ${}_{}{}^{62}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}(p,\alpha )$ reactions induced by 14.0-MeV protons and by the ${}_{}{}^{56}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}(\alpha ,p)$ and ${}_{}{}^{59}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Co}(\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime })$ reactions induced by 16.5-MeV $\alpha$ particles. Energy spectra were measured over the 30-150° angular interval and the results compared with the spin- and isospin-dependent statistical theory. The ($p,\alpha$), ($\alpha ,{\alpha }^{\prime }$), and ($\alpha ,p$) reaction spectra could all be fitted with the same level-density parameter and pairing energy of ${}_{}{}^{59}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Co}:a=7.5\mathrm{}$ ${\mathrm{MeV}}^{-1\mathrm{}}$ and $\delta =1.29\mathrm{}$ MeV. In order to obtain agreement with these same parameters for the ($p,p^{\prime }$) reaction spectrum it was necessary to invoke a 30-40% contribution from a pre-equilibrium emission process. The sensitivity of the results of the various parameters of the theory is explored.

$\gamma$-ray measurements have been made of the ${}_{}{}^{43}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}(n,\gamma ){}_{}{}^{44}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction at the Livermore pool-type reactor. Singles spectra were taken with Ge(Li)-NaI(Tl) Compton-suppression and pair-coincidence spectrometers. A total of 280 observed $\gamma$ rays were attributed to capture in ${}_{}{}^{43}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$. Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) coincidence measurements using a three-parameter analyzer system ($E_1,E_2,\Delta T$) were analyzed, resulting in the assignment of 129 of the observed transitions to 45 inferred levels in ${}_{}{}^{44}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$. Comparison of $l=1\mathrm{} \mathrm{}(d,p)\mathrm{}$ strengths $\mathrm{}(2J+1)\mathrm{}{S}_n$ with ($n,\gamma$) strengths $\frac{I}{E^3}$ leading to the same final states yields a positive correlation coefficient of 0.63. The neutron binding energy is determined to be 11 131.6 ± 0.7 keV.

Thin targets of ${}_{}{}^{181}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ta}$, ${}_{}{}^{209}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Bi}$, and ${}_{}{}^{233}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ have been bombarded with 77.3-MeV ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ ions at the Oak Ridge isochronous cyclotron. Correlated measurements of kinetic energies of fission-fragment pairs have been made, and mass and total kinetic energy distributions were obtained. The widths of the distributions were compared with predictions of the liquid-drop model for fission. The trends predicted by theory were observed, but the absolute magnitude of the distribution widths were not in agreement with liquid-drop-model predictions. It is concluded that the liquid-drop model describes fission of relatively light nuclei in general terms, but that it should not be used in those cases where accurate quantitative predictions are required.

The decay of ${}_{}{}^{138}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cs}$ to levels in the 82-neutron isotone ${}_{}{}^{138}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$ was investigated with Ge(Li) and NaI(T1) $\gamma$ detectors. On the basis of energy, intensity, and coincidence measurements a new decay scheme is proposed including 31 levels. States at 2090, 2415, 2779, 2931, 2991, 3164, 3352, 3442, 3647, 3861, 3880, 3935, 4081, and 4507 keV were not seen in earlier studies of the ${}_{}{}^{138}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cs}$ ground-state decay. Spin assignments were made for all levels. Our level scheme is compared with the results of recent decay and reaction experiments and with the predictions of shell-model calculations.

Angular distributions for the (${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}\prime$) reaction exciting the first $2^{+}$, $3^{-}$, $4^{+}$, and $5^{-}$ levels of ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been measured from 13 to 50° using a bombarding energy of 43.67 MeV. The data were analyzed using both a collective model and a microscopic model. The microscopic calculations used the wave functions of Gillet, Green, and Sanderson. The distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations do not provide good fits at very forward angles; this problem appears to become more severe with increasing multipolarity. As Park and Satchler have recently pointed out, the interference between the Coulomb and nuclear parts of the form factor allows one to measure the phase of the effective microscopic interaction. The results of the present experiment indicate that this phase is near $\frac{\pi }{3}$ for the ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$(${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}\prime$) reaction.

A search for long-range fission products has been made using mica track detectors. Fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ was induced by thermal neutrons and He gas was employed as the principal stopping material. Limits are reported for the yield of products with range greater than 20 cm He (25°C, 1 atm). The limiting yield values can be reconciled with the ternary-fission studies of Muga only if the light products from ternary fission have $Z\ge 18$.

The mass-spectrometric technique has been used to obtain relative and absolute yields for ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ and energy distributions for ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ emitted in ternary fission of ${}_{}{}^{236}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}_{}^{*}{}_{}{}^{}$. Evidence has been obtained for a short-range (<7.7-MeV) component of ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$. The ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$/${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ ratio is lower by 2 to 4 orders of magnitude than the values previously found in studies of other fissile nuclides. ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$/${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ is lower by about a factor of 2 than values obtained for ${}_{}{}^{236}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}_{}^{*}{}_{}{}^{}$ using other experimental techniques. Energy distributions obtained for long-range ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ particles are in agreement with results from other experiments.

Proton spin flip in the excitation of the first $2^{+}$ states in ${}_{}{}^{120}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$ and ${}_{}{}^{124}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$ has been measured at 30 MeV using the ($p,p^{\prime }\gamma$) coincidence technique. The data are fit by the distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) collective model using the full Thomas spin-orbit coupling term and the DWBA microscopic model using a real interaction. The effect of adding an imaginary part to the microscopic interaction was investigated with respect to the present spin-flip data and published asymmetry data. It is concluded that such a term can be important.

The reaction ${}_{}{}^{209}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{}(d,p)\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^{210}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Bi}$ has been studied at 17.0-MeV incident deuteron energy. Reaction protons were detected with an energy resolution of 7-9 keV using an Enge split-pole spectrograph. Accurate excitation energies (±0.2%) were obtained by a direct comparison to the well-known states of ${}_{}{}^{209}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ populated in the ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{}(d,p)\mathrm{}$ reaction. The ground-state $Q$-value difference of ${}_{}{}^{209}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{}(d,p)\mathrm{}$ relative to ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{}(d,p)\mathrm{}$ was found to be +0.662±0.004 MeV. Angular distributions, neutron $l$-transfer assignments, and spectroscopic strengths were obtained for 53 of the 60 proton groups observed up to an excitation energy of 3.3 MeV in the residual nucleus. It is found that agreement between experimental angular distributions and the predictions of the distorted-wave approximation is markedly improved over previous work in the lead region by the use of real optical-model well parameters which closely satisfy the "well-matching" criterion $V_d\mathrm{}\left(r\right)\mathrm{}\approx V_p\mathrm{}\left(r\right)+V_n\mathrm{}\left(r\right)\mathrm{}$. In particular, the extreme oscillations predicted for $l=0\mathrm{}$ neutron transfer with some conventional parameters are damped out in agreement with experiment. The experimental excitation energies and spectroscopic strengths are compared with the predictions of Kuo and Herling as well as with those of Kim and Rasmussen. Good agreement is found for most of the strong transitions studied.

After a short survey of the technique of using an emulsion simultaneously as target and detector for medium-energy-induced reactions on the light nuclei C, N, and O, we discuss two important points relating to previous results given for 70-MeV and 90-MeV α-particle reactions: firstly, the possibility of losing events and, secondly, the possibility of wrongly identifying an event.

Nucleon-deuteron polarizations and differential cross sections have been calculated in the energy range from 11 to 23 MeV, with exactly the same approximation (the unitary first-order approximation) and exactly the same interactions and parameters as in the recent calculations of Krauss and Kowalski. All the results are entirely different, however, and in contrast to the previous results the calculated polarizations are in complete disagreement with experiment. It is pointed out that the procedure used in the previous calculations of cutting off the partial-wave expansion at $J=\frac{3}{2}$ is unsatisfactory, but this observation does not at all explain the differences between the results.

The metastable state of ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{183}$ of 91-day half-life was found to be nonexistent on radiochemical separation of hafnium activity from tungsten targets irradiated by 14-MeV neutrons.