Recent Articles

Photoproduction of Positive Pions from ${}^{27}{Al}$ and ${}^{51}V$

V. Devanathan, G. N. S. Prasad, and K. Srinivasa Rao

Phys. Rev. C 8, 188 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Proton Scattering on ${}^{29}{Si}$ in the Range $E_{p} = 2.5 - 3.4$ MeV

J. W. Hemsky, S. C. Ling, and P. J. Wolfe

Phys. Rev. C 8, 192 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Elastic and inelastic proton scattering measurements on ${}^{29}{Si}$ have been obtained in the energy range $E_{p} = 2.5 - 3.4$ MeV. 30 elastic and 32 inelastic resonances were observed. 14 prominent resonances from elastic scattering were analyzed. Results of the analysis for proton orbital momenta, spin and parity assignments, and proton partial widths are given. The inelastic resonance strengths measured relative to the known strength of the 1302-keV resonance in ${}^{29}{Si} (p, γ) {}^{30}P$ are also reported.

Energy Dependence of the Optical Model for ${}^{3}{He}$ Scattering from ${}^{60}{Ni}$

C. B. Fulmer, J. C. Hafele, and C. C. Foster

Phys. Rev. C 8, 200 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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An optical-model analysis of measured angular distributions for elastic scattering of ${}^{3}{He}$ from ${}^{60}{Ni}$ at five different energies (29.6, 35.1, 49.7, 59,8, and 71.1 MeV) produced satisfactory fits to all five of the data sets with an optical potential having all parameters common. This energy independent potential gave a $χ^{2}$ minimum with $V = 126$ MeV, $r_{R} = r_{s} = 1.12$ fm, $a_{R} = a_{s} = 0.84$ fm, $W_{D} = 20.4$ MeV, $r_{I} = 1.26$ fm, $a_{I} = 0.84$ fm, and $V_{s} = 2.85$ MeV. Another parameter family with $V = 170$ MeV also gave an equally good minimum in $χ^{2}$ . These two parameter families were used to predict scattering cross sections at 180° over the ${}^{3}{He}$ energy range from 21 to 32 MeV, and corresponding laboratory data were found to be in better agreement with the predictions of the above listed family with $V = 126$ MeV. Slightly improved fits to the five data sets were obtained in a search with the real and imaginary well depths dependent on ${}^{3}{He}$ energy and with the rest of the parameters common. In this case $V$ and $W_{D}$ were found to have a weak but approximately linear dependence on ${}^{3}{He}$ energy $E$ , with $V = 133.9 - 0.14 E$ MeV and $W_{D} = 22.4 - 0.04 E$ MeV.

Photon-Induced Fragmentation in ${}^{27}{Al}$ and ${}^{32}S$ by 1-GeV Bremsstrahlung

V. di Napoli, F. Salvetti, M. L. Terranova, H. G. de Carvalho, and J. B. Martins

Phys. Rev. C 8, 206 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Polyethylene, water, lithium fluoride, aluminium, and sulfur targets have been irradiated with 1-GeV bremsstrahlung beams at the Frascati electron synchrotron and the yields of some spallation products from ${}^{27}{Al}$ and ${}^{32}S$ and of ${}^{11}C$ and ${}^{7}{Be}$ from ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{19}F$ , ${}^{27}{Al}$ , and ${}^{32}S$ have been measured by the induced-activity and radiochemical methods. Evidence has been deduced for fragmentation from the mass-yield distribution of the photoproduced nuclides in ${}^{27}{Al}$ and ${}^{32}S$ .

Isobaric Mass Quartets in the Mass-21 and Mass-37 Nuclei

W. Benenson, E. Kashy, and I. D. Proctor

Phys. Rev. C 8, 210 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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The ${}^{40}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , ${}^{6}{He}$ ) ${}^{37}{Ca}$ reaction has been used to measure the mass of ${}^{37}{Ca}$ in its ground and first excited states. The mass of ${}^{37}{Ar}$ and ${}^{37}K$ in their lowest $T = \frac{3}{2}$ states was also measured. The ${}^{24}{Mg}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , ${}^{6}{He}$ ) ${}^{21}{Mg}$ reaction was used as a calibration, and consequently the energies of several excited states of ${}^{21}{Mg}$ were measured. The mass-37 measurements give new precision values for the coefficients of the isobaric multiplet mass equation, and the excited states in ${}^{21}{Mg}$ are members of quartets in the mass-21 nuclei.

Double Gamma Decay in ${}^{40}{Ca}$

E. Beardsworth, R. Hensler, J. W. Tape, N. Benczer-Koller, W. Darcey, and Jack R. MacDonald

Phys. Rev. C 8, 216 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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A positive indication of double $γ$ decay in ${}^{40}{Ca}$ may have been observed. A branching ratio $\frac{Γ_{γ γ}}{Γ} = ({3.3}_{- 1.2}^{+ 0.5}) \times 10^{- 4}$ is reported for the decay of the 3.35-MeV $0_{2}^{+}$ state. The state was preferentially populated by the ( $p, p^{'}$ ) reaction at a bombarding energy of 5.08 MeV, through a resonance in the compound nucleus ${}^{41}{Sc}$ . Recoil particles were detected in an annular detector at 180°, and $γ$ rays were detected in two NaI(Tl) detectors at 45° and 135° with respect to the beam axis. Triple time coincidence was demanded of the three radiations, and $γ$ -energy signals were event recorded, together with coincidence information, permitting subsequent generation of two-dimensional energy spectra ( $E_{γ_{1}} vs E_{γ_{2}}$ ) for real, correlated random, and random coincidences. The distribution of double- $γ$ events was analyzed by the maximum-likelihood technique and was found to be consistent with the assumption of ( $E 1, E 1$ ) multipolarities. A variety of background processes was considered, but none was found likely to account for the observed spectrum. A brief historical review is given, along with a summary of previous experiments which sought to observe double $γ$ decay in ${}^{40}{Ca}$ and other nuclei. Existing theories for the process are examined.

Low- $q^{2}$ Electron Scattering from the 15.109-MeV State of ${}^{12}C$ and the Conserved-Vector-Current Test

B. T. Chertok, C. Sheffield, J. W. Lightbody, Jr., S. Penner, and D. Blum

Phys. Rev. C 8, 23 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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High-precision electron scattering measurements from the 15.109-MeV $1^{+}$ state in ${}^{12}C$ are made at $θ = 75 and 110 °$ with $35 \leq E \leq 55$ MeV. From the measurements $B (M 1)$ is extrapolated to the photon point and the radiative width is determined, $Γ_{γ} = 37.0 \pm 1.1$ eV. The corresponding weak magnetism results for $β$ decay and $μ$ capture are given.

Large Isospin Selection-Rule Violation in the ${}^{20}{Ne} (d, α) {}^{18}F$ Reaction

A. F. Hrejsa and C. P. Browne

Phys. Rev. C 8, 230 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Absolute differential cross sections were measured at 125° with $6 \leq E_{d} \leq 11$ MeV for the ${}^{20}{Ne} (d, α) {}^{18}F$ reaction leading to the 1.70-, 2.10-, 2.52-, 3.06-, 3.13-, and 3.36-MeV states of ${}^{18}F$ and at 45° with $5 \leq E_{d} \leq 13$ MeV for the 2.52-, 3.06-, and 3.13-MeV states. Angular distributions were measured at 6.66, 7.29, 7.93, and 12.95 MeV for the 2.52-, 3.06-, 3.13-, 3.36-, and 4.12-MeV states and at the three lower energies for the 2.10-MeV state. Uncertainties for the isolated states are 3.4%; for the 3.13-MeV state, 5.7%; and for the 3.06-MeV state, 5.7 to 20.2%. The ratio of the cross section for the forbidden reaction to the 3.06, $2^{+}$ , $T = 1$ state to the cross sections for the other five ( $T = 0$ ) states ranges from 6 to 40% with an average of 21%. The reaction appears to proceed through the compound nucleus. The large violation is discussed in terms of mixing in the compound nucleus and final-state impurity.

Shell-Model Study of ${}^{24}{Ne}$

R. G. H. Robertson and B. H. Wildenthal

Phys. Rev. C 8, 241 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Shell-model calculations for the $A = 24$ , $T = 2$ system are presented which use an empirically modified version of Kuo's realistic two-body interaction and a large, but truncated, $sd$ -shell basis space. Using the same two-body matrix elements, single-particle energies and effective charges that were found to be successful in the full $sd$ space for $A = 19 - 22$ , good agreement with experimental measurements is obtained for ${}^{24}{Ne}$ levels and other members of the $A = 24$ , $T = 2$ system. Some predictions are made for the unreported isotope ${}^{24}{Si}$ .

( ${}^{3}{He}, t$ ) Reactions on ${}^{54}{Fe}$ , ${}^{58}{Ni}$ , and ${}^{60}{Ni}$

H. Rudolph and R. L. McGrath

Phys. Rev. C 8, 247 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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( ${}^{3}{He}, t$ ) differential cross sections on ${}^{54}{Fe}$ , ${}^{58}{Ni}$ , and ${}^{60}{Ni}$ targets have been studied at 24-MeV incident energy. Triton angular-distribution systematics are suggested by corroborative data from other work. On this basis several tentative spin-parity assignments in the copper isotopes are given. Distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations based on a microscopic effective-interaction model are presented for ${}^{54}{Fe}$ and ${}^{58}{Ni}$ . These are in fair agreement with the data for the ${}^{54}{Co}$ states thought to have ${(1 f_{\frac{7}{2}})}^{- 2}$ structure, and for the $T = 1$ ${}^{58}{Cu}$ states. However, these calculations generally do not yield consistent effective-interaction strengths or correct angular-distribution shapes for the $T = 0$ ${}^{58}{Cu}$ transitions. Simple two-particle wave functions are used for mass-58 states where the nucleons occupy the $2 p_{\frac{3}{2}}$ , $1 f_{\frac{5}{2}}$ , or $2 p_{\frac{1}{2}}$ orbitals.

$β^{+}$ -Delayed-Proton Decay of ${}^{21}{Mg}$

Richard G. Sextro, R. A. Gough, and Joseph Cerny

Phys. Rev. C 8, 258 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Identified protons with energies from 900 keV to 6.3 MeV have been observed following the positron decay of ${}^{21}{Mg}$ . The half-life of ${}^{21}{Mg}$ was measured to be 123.1 ± 3.3 msec, which, combined with previous results, gives a best value of 122.5 ± 2.8 msec. The energies and intensities of the proton groups have been used to determine precise excited state energies in ${}^{21}{Na}$ above 5 MeV and the strength of the preceding $β^{+}$ transition feeding each level. These data, and the assumption of isospin purity for the lowest $T = \frac{3}{2}$ level in ${}^{21}{Na}$ , then yield absolute $ft$ values for the beta decay. The ${}^{21}{Mg}$ transition rates compared with the negatron decay rates in its mirror, ${}^{21}F$ , give $\frac{{(ft)}^{+}}{{(ft)}^{-}} = 1.10 \pm 0.08$ . All significant particle decays of the lowest $T = \frac{3}{2}$ level have been observed, including an upper limit on energetically possible, but unobserved, $α$ decay. The measured transition strengths were compared to recent shell model calculations for $β$ decay in the $s - d$ shell.

High-Momentum-Transfer Electron Scattering from ${}^{6}{Li}$ in a Deformed Cluster Model

Robert B. Raphael

Phys. Rev. C 8, 269 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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A simplified version of the $α - d$ cluster formalism developed by Neudatchin, Smirnov, and their collaborators gives good agreement with the most recent elastic and inelastic (2.189-MeV) electron scattering data of Li et al. for momentum transfer $q^{2} ≲ 6.5$ ${fm}^{- 2}$ . Inclusion of lowest-order effects of dynamical volume deformations of the intercluster density extends the agreement to $q^{2} ≲ 10.5$ ${fm}^{- 2}$ . The contribution of the latter to the elastic form factor may be interpreted as due to an effective spherically symmetric "modulating charge" distribution superimposed upon the smoothly varying distribution responsible for the scattering at lower momentum transfer. This modulating charge is calculated explicitly and exhibits an oscillatory behavior. A similar analysis is carried out in the inelastic channel.

Calculation of Isospin Centroids in the Calcium, Nickel, and Zirconium Regions

R. K. Bansal and S. Shelly

Phys. Rev. C 8, 282 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Centroid energies of the residual nuclei from transfer of a single nucleon to $2 p_{\frac{3}{2}}$ orbit in calcium-region targets, $2 p_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $1 f_{\frac{5}{2}}$ orbits in nickel targets, $1 g_{\frac{9}{2}}$ and $2 d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ orbits in zirconium targets, have been calculated using the simple relationships connecting energy centroids of a residual nucleus to the residual interaction parameters, ${\bar{W}}_{j_{1} - j_{2}}^{T = 1}$ and ${\bar{W}}_{j_{1} - j_{2}}^{T = 0}$ of the two-body force. The general equations displaying these relationships have been derived using multipole-sum-rule techniques in an earlier paper. A reasonably good agreement between the calculated and experimental centroid energies demonstrates the usefulness of these equations for predicting the energy centroids knowing the residual-effective two-body force, on one hand, and extracting the effective two-body force from the transfer-reaction data, on the other.

Rotational Bands in ${}^{168}{Tm}$ from the ${}^{169}{Tm} (d, t) {}^{168}{Tm}$ Reaction

J. J. Kolata and J. V. Maher

Phys. Rev. C 8, 285 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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The ${}^{169}{Tm} (d, t) {}^{168}{Tm}$ reaction has been studied at an incident deuteron energy of 17.0 MeV. The excitation energies of more than 55 states up to 1.5 MeV in the residual nucleus were obtained to an accuracy of ±0.15%, and the ground-state $Q$ value for the ${}^{169}{Tm} (d, t) {}^{168}{Tm}$ reaction was measured to be $Q_{0} = - 1775 \pm 6$ keV. Differential cross sections were measured at 2.5° intervals from $7.5 ° \leq θ_{lab} \leq 45 °$ , and then at 5° intervals for $45 ° \leq θ_{lab} \leq 90 °$ for most of these transitions. The resulting angular distributions were found to be well described by distorted-wave calculations for almost all transitions observed. The $l$ -transfer values deduced for these transitions allowed the assignment of a narrow range of $J^{π}$ values to the corresponding states in ${}^{168}{Tm}$ , independent of arguments based on the Nilsson-model predictions of transition strengths. Several anomalous angular distributions to presumably well-known rotational states which apparently cannot be explained by the distorted-wave calculations are discussed. Spectroscopic factors for all the observed transitions were computed and are compared to the Nilsson-model predictions for low-lying negative-parity bands. Transition-strength anomalies are discussed.

Valency Neutron Capture in ${}^{92}{Mo} (n, γ) {}^{93}{Mo}$

O. A. Wasson and G. G. Slaughter

Phys. Rev. C 8, 297 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Capture $γ$ -ray spectra from the ${}^{92}{Mo} (n, γ) {}^{93}{Mo}$ reaction were measured for neutron energies below 100 keV using the 10-m flight path at the Oak Ridge electron linear accelerator. For neutron energies less than 25 keV a total of 23 different $s$ - and $p$ -wave resonances were resolved. The neutron binding energy is 8067.4± 1.5 keV. The partial radiation widths for the 12 highest energy $γ$ rays which populate positive-parity states below 2.5-MeV excitation were deduced and compared to the valency-model predictions of Lane and Lynn. For $γ$ -ray energies less than 6.5 MeV, the average $M 1$ partial radiation width is approximately equal to the average $E 1$ partial radiation width. The reduced transition strengths as defined by Bartholomew for these transitions are $\bar{k} (E 1) = (1.2 \pm 0.2) \times 10^{- 3}$ and $\bar{k} (M 1) = (11.5 \pm 2.3) \times 10^{- 3}$ . For the 7126-keV transition to the $s_{\frac{1}{2}}$ first excited state the average reduced strength is enhanced by a factor of 5 and 2 for the $E 1$ and $M 1$ transitions, respectively. Nearly 30% of this enhancement for the $E 1$ multipoles is attributed to the valency-model contribution while the remainder is assigned to other processes such as the giant dipole resonance and doorway-state components. The average $E 2$ width for the 8067-keV ground-state $γ$ rays is approximately 10% of the average $E 1$ ground-state width.

Magnetic Moment and Spin of 6.9-h ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$

G. Kaindl, F. Bacon, and D. A. Shirley

Phys. Rev. C 8, 315 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Nuclei of ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$ were oriented in an iron lattice at temperatures down to 7 mK. Anisotropic angular distributions were observed for the 263-, 1477-, and 685-keV $γ$ rays. The form of the angular distributions confirmed the spin-multipolarity sequence ${\frac{21}{2}}^{+} (M 4) {\frac{13}{2}}^{+} (E 2) {\frac{9}{2}}^{+} (E 2) {\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ for the isomeric decay. Their temperature dependences yielded the nuclear moment. Magnetic resonance measurements [NMR/ON (NMR with oriented nuclei)] were also performed, yielding a resonance at 170.5(4) MHz with a 1-kOe external polarizing field present. Comparison of the derived $g$ factor with the moment from anisotropy data establishes the spin of ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$ as $\frac{21}{2}$ . The final value of the magnetic moment is $| μ | = 9.21 (20) μ_{N}$ , assumed positive, with the error arising almost entirely from the uncertainty in the hyperfine field. Direct-field orientation in a 44-kOe field at 9 mK gave results in rough agreement. The measured moment confirmed the structure of the ${\frac{21}{2}}^{+}$ state as ${[{(π g_{\frac{9}{2}})}_{8}^{2}; ν d_{\frac{5}{2}}]}_{\frac{21}{2}}$ . The derived value of the proton $g_{\frac{9}{2}} g$ factor agrees well with trends in the $Z = 40 - 45$ region, but not with the $g$ factor of the $8^{+}$ state in ${}^{92}{Mo}$ .

Levels in the Transitional Nuclei ${}^{106}{Ru}$ and ${}^{108}{Ru}$

N. Kaffrell, N. Trautmann, G. Herrmann, and H. Ahrens

Phys. Rev. C 8, 320 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Low-lying levels of ${}^{106}{Ru}$ and ${}^{108}{Ru}$ associated with the $β^{-}$ decay of 36-sec ${}^{106}{Tc}$ and 5-sec ${}^{108}{Tc}$ have been investigated by measurement of $γ$ singles and $γ - γ$ coincidence spectra. The activities have been produced by thermal-neutron-induced fission of ${}^{235}U$ and ${}^{239}{Pu}$ using automated chemical separations of the technetium fraction from the fission product mixture. Excitation energies and $γ$ -ray branching ratios indicate a transitional character between the limits of the vibrational and the rotational models for ${}^{106}{Ru}$ and ${}^{108}{Ru}$ , with some evidence for an asymmetric deformation.

Isomeric States in Light Even Pb Isotopes

F. Djadali, K. Krien, R. A. Naumann, and E. H. Spejewski

Phys. Rev. C 8, 323 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Searches for isomers in the μsec range for isotopes ${}^{194 - 200}{Pb}$ revealed a new lifetime of $T_{\frac{1}{2}} = 10$ μsec for the 1541-keV state in ${}^{194}{Pb}$ and confirmed the $T_{\frac{1}{2}} = 0.5$ -μsec and $T_{\frac{1}{2}} = 4$ -μsec half-lives for the $9^{-}$ states in ${}^{200}{Pb}$ and ${}^{198}{Pb}$ , respectively. No lifetime in the μsec range was found in ${}^{196}{Pb}$ indicating that the 688.9-keV transition is not of $E 3$ character as proposed before by Chojnacki et al. Lifetimes of $T_{\frac{1}{2}} = 134 \pm 20$ nsec and $T_{\frac{1}{2}} = 61 \pm 14$ nsec for the $5^{-}$ and $9^{-}$ states in ${}^{196}{Pb}$ were derived from a $γ - γ - t$ coincidence experiment. A possible distortion of the time spectra obtained in in-beam experiments is discussed. Experimental $B (E 2)$ and $B (E 3)$ values are compared with single-particle estimates for some possible two-neutron configurations of the states involved.

X-Ray Spectra of Superheavy and Quasi-Superheavy Elements

B. Fricke and J. T. Waber

Phys. Rev. C 8, 330 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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We discuss the possibility of identifying superheavy elements from the observation of their $M$ -shell x-ray spectra, which might occur during the collision of a superheavy element with a heavy target. The same question is discussed for the possible observation of the x rays from the quasimolecule (quasi-superheavy element) which is formed during such a heavy-ion collision. It is shown that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to determine any information about the interesting quantum electrodynamical effects from the $M$ -shell x-ray spectra of these quasimolecules.

Channel Spin Components of $p$ -Wave Neutron Widths in Niobium

R. E. Chrien, M. R. Bhat, and G. W. Cole

Phys. Rev. C 8, 336 (1973) - Published 1 July, 1973

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Measurements of the angular distribution of $γ$ rays following $p$ -wave capture in niobium have been made for resonances at 35.8, 42.2, and 94.3 eV. The differential cross section is the sum of the incoherent contributions from each of the possible channel spin states describing capture in those resonances. From the angular distributions, the ratio of neutron widths corresponding to the two channel spin states can be determined. The results are consistent with what is expected from assuming that each channel spin-dependent width independently follows a Porter-Thomas distribution.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{93}{Nb} (n, γ_{i}) {}^{94}{Nb}$ , $E_{n} = 30 - 100$ eV; measured $σ_{n γ} (E, θ)$ , Ge(Li); deduced channel spin components $Γ_{n}$ .

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Photoproduction of Positive Pions from ${}^{27}{Al}$ and ${}^{51}V$

Proton Scattering on ${}^{29}{Si}$ in the Range $E_{p} = 2.5 - 3.4$ MeV

Energy Dependence of the Optical Model for ${}^{3}{He}$ Scattering from ${}^{60}{Ni}$

Photon-Induced Fragmentation in ${}^{27}{Al}$ and ${}^{32}S$ by 1-GeV Bremsstrahlung

Isobaric Mass Quartets in the Mass-21 and Mass-37 Nuclei

Double Gamma Decay in ${}^{40}{Ca}$

Low- $q^{2}$ Electron Scattering from the 15.109-MeV State of ${}^{12}C$ and the Conserved-Vector-Current Test

Large Isospin Selection-Rule Violation in the ${}^{20}{Ne} (d, α) {}^{18}F$ Reaction

Shell-Model Study of ${}^{24}{Ne}$

( ${}^{3}{He}, t$ ) Reactions on ${}^{54}{Fe}$ , ${}^{58}{Ni}$ , and ${}^{60}{Ni}$

$β^{+}$ -Delayed-Proton Decay of ${}^{21}{Mg}$

High-Momentum-Transfer Electron Scattering from ${}^{6}{Li}$ in a Deformed Cluster Model

Calculation of Isospin Centroids in the Calcium, Nickel, and Zirconium Regions

Rotational Bands in ${}^{168}{Tm}$ from the ${}^{169}{Tm} (d, t) {}^{168}{Tm}$ Reaction

Valency Neutron Capture in ${}^{92}{Mo} (n, γ) {}^{93}{Mo}$

Magnetic Moment and Spin of 6.9-h ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$

Levels in the Transitional Nuclei ${}^{106}{Ru}$ and ${}^{108}{Ru}$

Isomeric States in Light Even Pb Isotopes

X-Ray Spectra of Superheavy and Quasi-Superheavy Elements

Channel Spin Components of $p$ -Wave Neutron Widths in Niobium

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