Recent Articles

${}^{8}{Be}$ producing reactions in ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , + ${}^{16}O$ , and ${}^{28}{Si}$ + ${}^{12}C$

J. L. Artz, M. B. Greenfield, and N. R. Fletcher

Phys. Rev. C 13, 156 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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The ${}^{12}C$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ), ${}^{16}O$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ), and ${}^{28}{Si}$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ) reactions show final state relative populations which are very similar to the corresponding ( ${}^{6}{Li}, d$ ), ( ${}^{7}{Li}, t$ ), ( ${}^{12}C, α$ ), and ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{12}C$ ) reactions on the same target nuclei. Selective population of final states for ${}^{12}C$ and ${}^{28}{Si}$ targets is accompanied by rapidly fluctuating excitation functions for the ${}^{12}C$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ) reactions and much smoother, yet not flat, excitation functions for ${}^{28}{Si}$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ). Angular distributions are forward peaked. The ${}^{16}O$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ) reaction is not selective, similar to ${}^{16}O ({}^{12}C, α)$ .

[NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ) ${}^{16}{O *}$ , measured excitation functions $E_{c . m .} = 17 to 21$ MeV, $σ (θ)$ at 21 MeV; ${}^{16}O$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ) ${}^{24}{Mg}^{*}$ ; ${}^{28}{Si}$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{8}{Be}$ ) ${}^{32}S^{*}$ , measured excitation functions $E_{c . m .} = 23 to 29$ MeV, $σ (θ)$ at 29.4 MeV.]

${}^{29, 30}{Si}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{15}N$ ) proton stripping reaction at 60 MeV

D. Dehnhard, J. L. Artz, D. J. Weber, V. Shkolnik, and R. M. DeVries

Phys. Rev. C 13, 164 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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Differential cross sections of the [ ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{15}N$ (g.s.)] reaction on ${}^{29}{Si}$ and ${}^{30}{Si}$ were measured at $E ({}^{16}O) = 60$ MeV at far forward angles. The strongly oscillatory $Δ L = 1$ , (2) angular distributions for the $2 s_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $1 d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transitions to ${}^{30}P$ and ${}^{31}P$ were found to be out of phase. The pure $Δ L = 1$ , $2 s_{\frac{1}{2}}$ transitions were fitted well by finite range distorted wave Born approximation calculations using the code LOLA. The phase of the structure of the $1 d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transfer angular distributions could not be fitted with the distorted wave Born approximation. Spectroscopic factors were in good agreement with ( ${}^{3}{He}, d$ ) results for $2 s_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $1 d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ transitions and a factor of 2 too large for $1 d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transfer. This factor of 2 for the $1 d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transitions is not understood. The mixed $j$ transition to the $2^{+}$ state in ${}^{30}P$ (1.454 MeV) was found to be consistent with almost exclusive $j = \frac{3}{2}$ transfer as predicted by shell model calculations.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{29, 30}{Si}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{15}N$ ), $E = 60$ MeV; measured $σ (E_{15 N}, θ)$ , deduced $C^{2} S_{l j}$ .

Critical asymmetry and the systematics of fission-like processes in the reactions of ${}^{12}C$ projectiles with medium mass nuclei

J. B. Natowitz, M. N. Namboodiri, and E. T. Chulick

Phys. Rev. C 13, 171 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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The systematics of fission-like processes observed in reactions induced by 107- and 197-MeV ${}^{12}C$ projectiles have been investigated. Counter telescopes were employed to detect and identify the products of reactions with ${}^{89}Y$ , ${}^{98}{Mo}$ , Ag, and ${}^{116}{Sn}$ . Limited experiments using Ni and Au targets were also performed. For the medium mass targets, cross sections, energy distributions, and angular distribution of the reaction products are reported. Limiting angular momenta for the fusion of ${}^{12}C$ with Y, Mo, and Ag have been determined and are used to estimate the angular momenta of the collisions leading to fission-like reactions. The probability of occurrence of such reactions is compared with predictions based upon the concept of an angular momentum dependent critical asymmetry. This concept is found to be very useful in discussing the reaction mechanisms involved.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Ni, ${}^{89}Y$ , ${}^{98}{Mo}$ , Ag, ${}^{116}{Sn}$ , ${}^{197}{Au} ({}^{12}C, x)$ , $E = 107, 197$ MeV; measured absolute $σ (θ)$ , $σ$ and $\bar{E}$ for fission-like products.

How to detect the heaviest man-made isotopes

H. W. Meldner, G. A. Cowan, J. R. Nix, and R. W. Stoughton

Phys. Rev. C 13, 182 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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The average number of neutrons emitted per spontaneous fission is predicted to increase substantially for very heavy nuclei. This suggests the use of neutron-multiplicity counters for the early detection of heavy isotopes produced by prompt neutron capture. We discuss the possibilities and limitations of such a technique.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Fission; calculated $\bar{ν}$ of very neutron rich isotopes produced in thermonuclear explosions; proposed method for early detection of heavy isotopes produced.

Mass and kinetic energy measurements of fragments from the isomeric and excited state fission of ${}^{242}{Am}$

J. Weber, B. R. Erdal, A. Gavron, and J. B. Wilhelmy

Phys. Rev. C 13, 189 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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Coincident fission fragment kinetic energies were measured for the isomeric and excited state fission of ${}^{242}{Am}$ . The fission isomer was produced using the ${}^{242}{Pu} (t, 3 n) {}^{242}{Am}^{m}$ reaction, while the excited state fission was studied using the ${}^{241}{Am} (d, p f)$ direct reaction. The fission distributions were found to be very similar but significant deviations do occur. The isomeric average total kinetic energy is 2 MeV higher than the excited state fission ( $4.5 \leq E_{x} \leq 11.5$ MeV) of ${}^{242}{Am}$ and the isomer has a lower yield for symmetric division. The mass distributions are qualitatively consistent with the isomer being more strongly influenced by the asymmetric outer fission barrier.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Fission ${}^{242}{Pu} (t, 3 n) {}^{242}{Am}^{m} (sf)$ , ${}^{241}{Am} (d, p f)$ , measured fission kinetic energies $t_{\frac{1}{2}} {}^{242}{Am}^{m}$ , deduced fission mass distributions.

Prompt fission neutrons from eV resonances in ${}^{235}U$ : Measurement and correlation with other fission properties

R. E. Howe, T. W. Phillips, and C. D. Bowman

Phys. Rev. C 13, 195 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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The energy dependence of the fission neutron multiplicity $\bar{ν}$ for neutron-induced fission of ${}^{235}U$ in the energy region 0.5 to 125 eV has been measured using a continuous spectrum of neutrons from a 100 MeV electron Linac. A new neutron detection technique was used to search for variations in resonance $\bar{ν}$ values and possible correlations with other fission properties. Evidence was obtained for a nonstatistical fluctuation in the value of $\bar{ν}$ as a function of energy. However, no correlation with resonant spin, $Γ_{f}$ , fission-fragment asymmetry, or the angular distribution of fission fragments was observed. A comparison of these data with previous $\bar{ν}$ measurements also has been included.

RADIOACTIVITY fission ${}^{235}U (n, f)$ , $E = 0.5 - 125$ eV; measured relative ${\bar{ν}}_{n}$ , deduced correlations with other fission properties.

Spectroscopy of the ( $α, 2 α$ ) reaction at $E_{α} = 90$ MeV

Joseph D. Sherman, D. L. Hendrie, and M. S. Zisman

Phys. Rev. C 13, 20 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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Nine target nuclei ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{24, 26}{Mg}$ , ${}^{28, 30}{Si}$ , ${}^{40, 44}{Ca}$ , and ${}^{66}{Zn}$ have been studied by the ( $α, 2 α$ ) reaction at an incident beam energy of 90 MeV. Energy resolution of 250-300 keV full width at half-maximum permitted identification of many excited states, although transitions to the ground state consistently dominated the spectra. The ground state angular correlations for equal outgoing energies and angles were similar in shape over this mass region although the magnitude decreased by a factor of 10 from ${}^{12}C$ to ${}^{66}{Zn}$ . A phenomenological distorted wave impulse approximation calculation successfully describes most of the angular and energy correlations. A conspicuous failure of the calculation occurs in the energy correlation predictions for recoil momenta greater than 0.6 ${fm}^{- 1}$ . Spectroscopic results are compared with those from $α$ pickup reactions. It is seen that both reactions give nearly the same $α$ clustering mass dependence. Plane wave impulse approximation analysis suggests that the principle parent of ${}^{16}O$ in an $α$ particle model is the ${}^{12}C$ ground state rather than the first excited state as found in the $α$ pickup reactions.

PACS numbers:

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{24, 26}{Mg}$ , ${}^{28, 30}{Si}$ , ${}^{40, 44}{Ca}$ , ${}^{66}{Zn}$ ( $α, 2 α$ ), $E_{α} = 90$ MeV, measured energy and angular correlations; DWIA, PWIA analysis, $α$ cluster spectroscopy.

Twofold mass separation method in the search for superheavy elements in nature

Marcelle Epherre and Robert Klapisch

Phys. Rev. C 13, 206 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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A recent search for superheavy elements in natural samples involves the observation of fission induced tracks from a mass separated sample. Using a high sensitivity mass spectrometer we propose a method to ascertain if the fission tracks observed in the mass region 280-310 originate in uranium molecular compounds. With a detection sensitivity of $10^{7}$ atoms of ${}^{235}U$ we show that the fission tracks observed in a previously investigated Pt ore were associated with uranium molecules.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Superheavy elements; mass spectrometry.

Microscopic calculation of nuclear dissipation

S. E. Koonin and J. R. Nix

Phys. Rev. C 13, 209 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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By use of a time-dependent wave function of the BCS form, we compute microscopically the energy dissipated for a system with a monopole pairing force moving under the influence of a time-dependent single-particle potential. Quasiparticle generation and coupling of the two-quasiparticle modes of the system are included automatically and provide contact with the Landau-Zener formula. The single-particle potential is related to nuclear shapes generated by viscous hydrodynamical calculations of a fissioning ${}^{236}U$ nucleus. We attempt to determine the energy dissipated between the saddle point and scission point by requiring that at the scission point the energy dissipated in the microscopic calculations equal that dissipated in the macroscopic hydrodynamical calculations. This procedure leads to 34 MeV of dissipated energy, which is almost twice the value of 18 MeV obtained from macroscopic hydrodynamical calculations that reproduce experimental fission-fragment kinetic energies. The corresponding value of the nuclear viscosity coefficient determined from the microscopic calculations is 0.04 TP, compared to 0.015 ± 0.005 TP obtained from the macroscopic hydrodynamical calculations. The viscosity coefficient determined from the microscopic calculations is even larger if the dissipated energies are compared at a finite scission neck radius. As a possible resolution of this discrepancy, we propose that level splittings arising from axially asymmetric and reflection-asymmetric deformations during the descent from the saddle point to scission reduce the energy dissipation and make the nuclei only moderately viscous.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Fission ${}^{236}U$ ; calculated microscopically energy dissipated between saddle point and scission. Monopole pairing force, time-dependent wave function of BCS form, correspondence with Landau-Zener formula, nuclear viscosity, axially asymmetric and reflection-asymmetric deformations important.

Spontaneous-fission half-lives for even nuclei with $Z \geq 92$

J. Randrup, S. E. Larsson, P. Möller, S. G. Nilsson, K. Pomorski, and A. Sobiczewski

Phys. Rev. C 13, 229 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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The spontaneous-fission process for doubly even nuclei with $Z \geq 92$ is studied in a semi-empirical WKB framework. One-dimensional fission barrier potentials are established from theoretical deformation-energy surfaces based on the droplet model and the modified-oscillator model. The effects of axial asymmetry as well as reflection asymmetry have been taken into account. Macroscopic (irrotational flow) inertial-mass functions and alternatively microscopic (cranking model) intertial mass parameters have been employed for the calculation of the fission half-lives. With one over-all normalization parameter it is possible to fit the experimental half-lives to within a factor of 20 on the average. The resulting effective inertial-mass functions are used to estimate the stability of the transactinide elements. Only minor differences with previous estimates for the $r$ process and superheavy nuclei are encountered.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Even nuclei with $Z \geq 92$ ; calculated sf $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

Intermediate-energy ( $40 MeV ≲ E_{γ} ≲ 400 MeV$ ) photonuclear interactions

T. A. Gabriel

Phys. Rev. C 13, 240 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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Comparisons between theoretical and recent experimental photoproton spectra are presented for 400-MeV bremsstrahlung on carbon, aluminum, copper, and gold. Experiments are suggested which would facilitate further theoretical considerations.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $C (γ, x)$ , $Al (γ, x)$ , $Cu (γ, x)$ , $Au (γ, x)$ , $E_{γ} = 40 - 400$ MeV, calculated $σ (E_{p}, θ)$ , $σ (E_{π}, θ)$ .

Relativistic corrections to the elastic electron scattering from ${}^{208}{Pb}$

Harish Chandra and Gerhard Sauer

Phys. Rev. C 13, 245 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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In the present work we have calculated the differential cross sections for the elastic electron scattering from ${}^{208}{Pb}$ using the charge distributions resulting from various corrections. The point proton and neutron mass distributions have been calculated from the spherical wave functions for ${}^{208}{Pb}$ obtained by Kolb et al. The relativistic correction to the nuclear charge distribution coming from the electromagnetic structure of the nucleon has been accomplished by assuming a linear superposition of Gaussian shapes for the proton and the neutron charge form factor. Results of this calculation are quite similar to an earlier calculation by Bertozzi et al., who have used a different wave function for ${}^{208}{Pb}$ and have assumed exponential smearing for the proton corresponding to the dipole fit for the form factor. Also in the present work, reason for the small spin orbit contribution to the effective charge distribution is discussed in some detail. It is also shown that the use of a single Gaussian shape for the proton smearing usually underestimates the actual theoretical cross section.

NUCLEAR REACTION ${}^{208}{Pb} (e, e^{'})$ $E_{lab} = 502$ MeV; $\frac{d σ}{d Ω}$ calculated with relativistic corrections.

${}^{12}C (p, p n) {}^{11}C$ cross section at 300 GeV

S. B. Kaufman, M. W. Weisfield, B. D. Wilkins, D. Henderson, and E. P. Steinberg

Phys. Rev. C 13, 253 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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The absolute cross section for the ${}^{12}C (p, p n) {}^{11}C$ reaction has been measured in the $M 2$ diffracted proton beam of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory at an energy of 300 GeV. Proton intensities were measured with a scintillation counter telescope, and the 20.4-min ${}^{11}C$ activity induced in 3.2-mm thick plastic scintillator targets was determined both by internal scintillation ( $β$ ) counting and by annihilation radiation counting with a NaI well crystal. A correction for the formation of ${}^{11}C$ by secondary particles was determined by measuring the activity in individual targets in a stack. The corrected value for the ${}^{12}C (p, p n) {}^{11}C$ cross section at 300 GeV is 24.6 ± 1.6 mb.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C (p, p n)$ , $E = 300$ GeV; measured absolute cross section.

Optical potentials derived from microscopic separable interactions including binding and recoil effects

E. R. Siciliano and G. E. Walker

Phys. Rev. C 13, 257 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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We first consider a projectile scattering from a nucleon bound in a fixed potential. A separable Galilean invariant projectile-nucleon interaction is adopted. Without using the fixed scatterer approximation or using closure on the intermediate target nucleon states we obtain various forms for the projectile-bound nucleon $t$ matrix. Effects due to intermediate target excitation and nucleon recoil are discussed. By making the further approximations of closure and fixed scatterers we make connection with the work of previous authors. By generalizing to projectile interaction with several bound nucleons and examining the appropriate multiple scattering series we identify the optical potential for projectile elastic scattering from the many-body system. Different optical potentials are obtained assuming different projectile-bound nucleon $t$ matrices and we study the differences predicted by these dissimilar optical potentials for elastic scattering. In a model problem, we study pion-nucleus elastic scattering and compare the predictions obtained by adopting procedures used by (1) Landau, Phatak, and Tabakin and (2) Piepho-Walker to the predictions obtained in a less restrictive, but computationally difficult treatment.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Effects of different approximations on optical potentials and calculated angular distributions. Model problem studies. Nucleon recoil. Momentum distribution. Intermediate nuclear excitation effects.

Recoil studies of nuclear reactions induced by high-energy particles. II. Production of ${}^{149}{Tb}$ by 1- to 300-GeV protons on ${}^{197}{Au}$

L. Winsberg, M. W. Weisfield, and D. Henderson

Phys. Rev. C 13, 279 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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The fraction of ${}^{149}{Tb}$ activity recoiling out of a gold target into the forward ( $F$ ) and backward ( $B$ ) directions was determined in irradiations with protons of 1, 3, 11.5, and 300 GeV. The values of $\frac{F}{B}$ decreased from 9.6 at 1 GeV to 2.4 at 300 GeV. The values of $2 W (F + B)$ decreased from 1.24 mg of Au per ${cm}^{2}$ at 1 GeV to 0.89 mg of Au per ${cm}^{2}$ at 300 GeV, where $W$ is the thickness of the gold target. These results were analyzed in terms of the standard two-step model for the reaction. The momentum transfer, which occurs in the first step, decreases with the energy of the incident protons. The average kinetic energy of the ${}^{149}{Tb}$ nuclei in the second step is 3.9±0.1 MeV for protons in the energy range from 0.7 GeV (earlier work) to 300 GeV. The constancy of this value indicates that the reaction mechanism is essentially unchanged over this range of bombarding energies.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{197}{Au} (p, spallation) {}^{149}{Tb}$ ; $E = 1, 3, 11.5, 300$ GeV; measured thick-target recoil properties.

Phenomenological model for pion-nucleus scattering

P. A. Kazaks and J. A. Smith

Phys. Rev. C 13, 283 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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A phenomenological model is used to obtain cross sections for pions elastically scattered from ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , and ${}^{40}{Ca}$ . The model wave function consists of a diffuse hole cut out of a plane wave and a focus term. Five parameters are varied to fit data. Good fits are obtained. The two parameters that describe the region in which absorption takes place are consistent with the effective radius model of Silbar and Sternheim.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C (π, π)$ , $E = 120 - 230$ MeV; ${}^{16}O (π, π)$ , $E = 160 - 240$ MeV; ${}^{40}{Ca} (π, π)$ , $E = 205, 215$ MeV; calculated $σ (θ)$ : Absorption model with focus.

Relativistic three-body calculation of $π d$ scattering

R. M. Woloshyn, E. J. Moniz, and R. Aaron

Phys. Rev. C 13, 286 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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We present a unitary, Lorentz-invariant three-body calculation of pion-deuteron elastic scattering, based upon the idea of quasiparticle-dominated two-body interactions. We make detailed comparisons of these results with those of a conventional fixed-scatterer approach and find that the fixed-nucleon calculation does not adequately reproduce the three-body results, demonstrating the importance of properly treating the three-body kinematics (i.e., of including nucleon recoil and isobar propagation). The multiple scattering expansion converges much more rapidly in the three-body approach than in the fixed-scatterer calculation. Intermediate nucleon-nucleon interactions play an important role, giving contributions to the scattering amplitude of the same order as those given by pion multiple scattering; these effects are especially significant for back-angle scattering. Finally, we compare our results with the available experimental data for the $π d$ total and integrated elastic cross sections and obtain good agreement. Nucleon spin is neglected in all calculations.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{2}H (π, π)$ , $E = 80 - 240$ MeV; relativistic three-body calculation of elastic scattering.

Invariant potential for elastic pion-nucleus scattering

J. Barry Cammarata and Manoj K. Banerjee

Phys. Rev. C 13, 299 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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From the Wick-Dyson expansion of the exact propagator of a pion in the presence of a nucleus, an invariant potential for crossing symmetric elastic pion-nucleus scattering is obtained in terms of a series of pion-nucleon diagrams. The Chew-Low theory is used to develop a model in which the most important class of diagrams is effectively summed. Included in this model is the exclusion principle restriction on the pion-bound nucleon interaction, the effects of the binding of nucleons, a kinematic transformation of energy from the lab to the $π N$ center of mass frame, and the Fermi motion and recoil of the target nucleons. From a numerical study of the effects of these processes on the $π - {}^{12}C$ total cross section, the relative importance of each is determined. Other processes contributing to the elastic scattering of pions not included in the present model are also discussed.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Many-body approach to an invariant potential for crossing symmetric, elastic pion-nucleus scattering. ${}^{12}C (π, π)$ , $E_{π}$ in (3,3) resonance region; calculated $σ (E)$ showing effects of nuclear corrections to Chew-Low description of $π N$ interaction.

New determination of the half-life of ${}^{233}U$

R. Vaninbroukx, P. De Bièvre, Y. Le Duigou, A. Spernol, W. van der Eijk, and V. Verdingh

Phys. Rev. C 13, 315 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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Combining different methods, all based on the measurement of the specific activity of a large number of samples from two different batches of uranium oxides, both enriched to nearly 100% ${}^{233}U$ , a new determination of the half-life of ${}^{233}U$ was made. The activities of the samples were determined by $α$ counting techniques: low geometry, liquid scintillation, and $4 π$ -proportional counting. The uranium content of the samples was determined by mass spectrometric isotope dilution techniques and by controlled potential coulometry. The half-life was measured as (1.5925 ± 0.0040) × $10^{5}$ yr. The uncertainty quoted is the over-all uncertainty at the 99.7% confidence level, taking into account both statistical and systematic effects. This result is in close agreement with the value published recently by Jaffey et al. and with the new recommended value, evaluated by Lemmel.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}^{233}U$ ; measured $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ .

Delayed-neutron activities produced in fission: Mass range 79-98

G. Rudstam and E. Lund

Phys. Rev. C 13, 321 (1976) - Published 1 January, 1976

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A sensitive neutron counter has been used for a study of delayed-neutron emission from mass-separated fission products. Five new delayed-neutron precursors, ${}^{79}{(Z n, G a)}$ , ${}^{80}{Ga}$ , ${}^{81}{Ga}$ , ${}^{82}{Ga}$ , and ${}^{83}{Ga}$ , have been found, and the half-life determination for seven other precursors has been improved.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}^{79 - 83}{Ga}$ , ${}^{85}{As}$ , ${}^{87 - 92}{Br}$ , ${}^{93}{Kr}$ , ${}^{92 - 98}{Rb}$ ; measured delayed neutrons; deduced half-lives.

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${}^{8}{Be}$ producing reactions in ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , + ${}^{16}O$ , and ${}^{28}{Si}$ + ${}^{12}C$

${}^{29, 30}{Si}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{15}N$ ) proton stripping reaction at 60 MeV

Critical asymmetry and the systematics of fission-like processes in the reactions of ${}^{12}C$ projectiles with medium mass nuclei

How to detect the heaviest man-made isotopes

Mass and kinetic energy measurements of fragments from the isomeric and excited state fission of ${}^{242}{Am}$

Prompt fission neutrons from eV resonances in ${}^{235}U$ : Measurement and correlation with other fission properties

Spectroscopy of the ( $α, 2 α$ ) reaction at $E_{α} = 90$ MeV

Twofold mass separation method in the search for superheavy elements in nature

Microscopic calculation of nuclear dissipation

Spontaneous-fission half-lives for even nuclei with $Z \geq 92$

Intermediate-energy ( $40 MeV ≲ E_{γ} ≲ 400 MeV$ ) photonuclear interactions

Relativistic corrections to the elastic electron scattering from ${}^{208}{Pb}$

${}^{12}C (p, p n) {}^{11}C$ cross section at 300 GeV

Optical potentials derived from microscopic separable interactions including binding and recoil effects

Recoil studies of nuclear reactions induced by high-energy particles. II. Production of ${}^{149}{Tb}$ by 1- to 300-GeV protons on ${}^{197}{Au}$

Phenomenological model for pion-nucleus scattering

Relativistic three-body calculation of $π d$ scattering

Invariant potential for elastic pion-nucleus scattering

New determination of the half-life of ${}^{233}U$

Delayed-neutron activities produced in fission: Mass range 79-98

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