Recent Articles

Optical-model potential in single-nucleon-transfer reactions induced by heavy ions

W. Henning, Y. Eisen, J. R. Erskine, D. G. Kovar, and B. Zeidman

Phys. Rev. C 15, 292 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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Elastic scattering angular distributions were measured for ${}^{48}{Ca}$ + ${}^{16}O$ at 56 MeV and for ${}^{45}{Sc}$ + ${}^{15}N$ at 47.53 MeV. Extensive searches and systematic analyses of the optical-model potentials were performed to study ambiguities. Various potential sets that fit elastic scattering were used in distorted-wave Born approximation calculations of single-nucleon transfers. To a high degree the optical potential ambiguities that exist for elastic scattering persist for the transfer predictions. The distorted-wave Born approximation calculations are compared to experimental angular distributions of the single-proton-transfer reactions ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{15}N$ ) ${}^{49}{Sc}$ and ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{19}F$ , ${}^{18}O$ ) ${}^{49}{Sc}$ at 56 MeV and ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{15}N$ , ${}^{14}C$ ) ${}^{49}{Sc}$ at 48 MeV. The transfers are well predicted by the distorted-wave Born approximation when there is $l$ matching between the entrance and exit channel dominant partial waves. For cases of $l$ mismatch the calculations do not reproduce the data. This disagreement cannot be removed by changes in the optical potentials, if these are still required to described elastic scattering. These results suggest the possible presence of reaction processes other than those treated in the conventional distorted-wave Born approximation amplitude.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{16}O$ ), $E = 56$ MeV, ${}^{45}{Sc}$ ( ${}^{15}N$ , ${}^{15}N$ ), $E = 47.53$ MeV, ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{15}N$ ) ${}^{49}{Sc}$ , ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{19}F$ , ${}^{18}O$ ) ${}^{49}{Sc}$ , $E = 56$ MeV, ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{15}N$ , ${}^{14}C$ ) ${}^{49}{Sc}$ , $E = 48$ MeV, measured $σ (θ)$ , optical model, and DWBA analyses.

$T = 1$ positive parity states in ${}^{28}{Si}$ and ${}^{28}P$

C. Miehé, A. Huck, G. Klotz, and G. Walter

Phys. Rev. C 15, 30 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The ${}^{27}{Al} (p, γ) {}^{28}{Si}$ , ${}^{27}{Al} (d, n γ) {}^{28}{Si}$ , ${}^{26}{Mg} ({}^{3}{He}, n γ) {}^{28}{Si}$ , and ${}^{28}{Si} (p, n γ) {}^{28}P$ reactions have been used to investigate the $T = 1$ states of ${}^{28}{Si}$ and ${}^{28}P$ . The $γ$ decay of the levels at 10.27 and 11.43 MeV (doublet) in ${}^{28}{Si}$ and of seven levels in ${}^{28}P$ has been studied. Limits on lifetimes for the ${}^{28}{Si}$ levels and for the states at 1.13 and 2.10 MeV in ${}^{28}P$ were determined using the Doppler shift attenuation method. From six isobaric triplets identified in $A = 28$ nuclei, Coulomb displacement energies, isovector, and isotensor Coulomb energies have been deduced. Excitation energies of the members of the multiplets are compared with theoretical values obtained from Coulomb displacement energy calculations, using shell model wave functions with particles in the $1 d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ , $2 s_{\frac{1}{2}}$ , and $1 d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ subshells.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{27}{Al} (d, n γ)$ , $E = 5.8$ MeV; ${}^{26}{Mg} ({}^{3}{He}, n γ)$ , $E = 6.0$ MeV; measured $E_{γ}$ , Doppler shift attenuation, $n - γ$ coin. ${}^{27}{Al} (p, γ)$ , $E = 1439$ keV; measured $E_{γ}$ . ${}^{28}{Si}$ deduced levels, $τ_{m}$ , $γ$ branching. ${}^{28}{Si} (p, n γ)$ , $E = 23$ MeV; measured $E_{γ}$ , Doppler shift attenuation, $n - γ$ coin. ${}^{28}P$ deduced levels, $τ_{m}$ , $γ$ branching, analog states. Natural and enriched targets.

Lifetime and branching ratio of the second excited state of ${}^{38}K$

N. M. Denkin, R. W. Kavanagh, and G. Bedrosian

Phys. Rev. C 15, 303 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The lifetime of the second excited state of ${}^{38}K$ has been determined to be 12 ± 2 ps using a recoil-distance technique with the reaction ${}^{24}{Mg} ({}^{16}O, p n)$ . The $\frac{E 2}{M 1}$ branching ratio was found to be (0.96 ± 0.10)% using the reaction ${}^{35}{Cl} (α, n)$ just above threshold. The excitation energies of the first two excited states have been found to be 130.2 ± 0.4 and 458.7 ± 0.3 keV. These results are compared with prior experimental and theoretical work.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{38}K$ ; ${}^{24}{Mg} ({}^{16}O, p n)$ , $E = 27.5$ MeV; ${}^{35}{Cl} (α, n)$ , $E = 7.31$ , 7.00 MeV; measured lifetime, recoil distance; $γ$ branching; excitation energies.

Analysis of direct and indirect processes of two-proton-transfer reactions performed on ${}^{64}{Ni}$ and ${}^{100}{Mo}$

M. C. Mermaz, J. C. Peng, N. Lisbona, and A. Greiner

Phys. Rev. C 15, 307 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The ${}^{64}{Ni}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{14}C$ ) ${}^{66}{Zn}$ and ${}^{100}{Mo}$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{10}{Be}$ ) ${}^{102}{Ru}$ angular distributions have been measured between 13° and 70° (lab), respectively, at 56 and 48 MeV incident energies. Distorted-wave Born approximation and coupled-channel Born approximation analyses have been performed using exact finite range codes. The marked difference in the angular distributions between the ${}^{102}{Ru}$ ground state and $2^{+}$ state can be well described using coupled-channel Born approximation calculations that take into account the important indirect processes. Furthermore, the relative intensities among various states are better reproduced by coupled-channel Born approximation calculations than by distorted-wave Born approximation calculations.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{64}{Ni}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{14}C$ ) and ${}^{100}{Mo}$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{10}{Be}$ ), $E_{16_{0}} = 56$ MeV and $E_{12_{C}} = 48$ MeV. Angular distribution measured between 13° and 70° lab. DWBA and CCBA analyses performed with Saturn-mars-i and ii.

Search for long-lived superheavy elements in the reaction system ${}^{238}U$ + 9.6-MeV/nucleon ${}^{63, 65}{Cu}$

R. A. Esterlund, D. Molzahn, R. Brandt, P. Patzelt, P. Vater, A. H. Boos, M. R. Chandratillake, I. S. Grant, J. D. Hemingway, and G. W. A. Newton

Phys. Rev. C 15, 319 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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A thick ${}^{238}U$ target has been bombarded with ${}^{63, 65}{Cu}$ ions at an incident beam energy of 9.6 MeV/nucleon. After radiochemical separations into CdS, HgS, and La-oxalate fractions, a search for evidence of the production of superheavy elements was undertaken using Si surface-barrier detectors and mica foils simultaneously for detection of spontaneous-fission events and high-energy $α$ emission. No evidence for the presence of superheavy elements in the samples was found. Upper limits for production cross sections for superheavy elements in each of the three chemical samples, assuming an arbitrary half-life of 100 days and a target thickness equal to the entire reaction range of the incident ions from initial energy to the reaction barrier, are as follows: (a) CdS ( $Z = 108 - 115$ ): 1 × $10^{- 34}$ ${cm}^{2}$ ; (b) HgS ( $Z = 112$ ): 6 × $10^{- 35}$ ${cm}^{2}$ ; ( $c$ ) Laoxalate ( ${}^{254}{Cf}$ ): 8 × $10^{- 35}$ ${cm}^{2}$ .

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{238}U$ ( ${}^{63, 65}{Cu}$ , $X$ ) superheavy elements and ${}^{254}{Cf}$ , $E = 9.6$ MeV/nucleon; measured activities; deduced upper limits for $σ$ of superheavy element products and ${}^{254}{Cf}$ .

Mixing of doorway states via fine-structure states and possible application to the study of fission isomers

W. Mittig

Phys. Rev. C 15, 325 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The coupling of two doorway states via common fine-structure states is calculated numerically in a multichannel model using the $K$ matrix. As an example of application the population of isomeric fission states via isobaric analog resonances is discussed.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Numerical multichannel model study, discussion of application.

Intermediate structures in sub-barrier fission

M. Di Toro, E. Migneco, and G. Russo

Phys. Rev. C 15, 332 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The formal theory of intermediate structure in nuclear reactions is applied to the problem of subthreshold fission processes induced by a neutron beam. Explicit expressions are obtained for the energy-averaged cross section, related to gross structure experiments, for the distribution of fission widths in the resolved-fine-structure analysis and for the neutron width distribution in the resonance region. Some useful sum rules are also easily found. From a comparison with experimental data it is possible to extract the positions of resonances as well as the widths $Γ^{↑}$ and $Γ^{↓}$ which are closely related to the height of the two fission barriers. Quantitative results are shown for the ${}^{237}{Np}$ , ${}^{240}{Pu}$ , and ${}^{242}{Pu}$ cases. In ${}^{237}{Np}$ we get the first barrier higher than the second one, $E_{A} > E_{B}$ . The opposite result is obtained for the ${}^{242}{Pu}$ case while the ${}^{240}{Pu}$ , with $E_{A} ≃ E_{B}$ , seems to be a transitional nucleus between the two situations.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION ${}^{237}{Np} (n, f)$ , ${}^{240}{Pu} (n, f)$ , ${}^{242}{Pu} (n, f)$ ; calculated $σ (E)$ and $〈 \frac{Γ_{f}}{D_{f}} 〉$ . Deduced the widths $Γ^{↑}$ and $Γ^{↓}$ for the two fission barriers.

Fission yields in the symmetric region: Yields of the stable isotopes of tin and cadmium in the thermal neutron fission of ${}^{235}U$ and ${}^{239}{Pu}$

C. K. Mathews

Phys. Rev. C 15, 344 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The relative isotopic abundances of five isotopes of cadmium (111, 112, 113, 114, and 116) and eight isotopes of tin (117, 118, 119, 120, 21, 122, 124, and 126) have been measured in the thermal neutron fission of ${}^{235}U$ and ${}^{239}{Pu}$ . Samples of ${}^{235}U$ and ${}^{239}{Pu}$ were irradiated in a reactor; the elements were chemically separated and the isotopic abundances were mass spectrometrically determined. By suitably normalizing these relative yields, it has been possible to obtain the cumulative chain yields at 12 masses in the symmetric region of the mass distribution. These results indicate that there is a fine structure in the 113-115 mass region, especially in the fission of ${}^{235}U$ . However, the mass distribution appears to be smooth between masses 116 and 126. The depression in the mass-yield curve around mass 115 may be related to the break around this mass number in the prompt neutron distribution as a function of mass.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION ${}^{235}U (n, f)$ and ${}^{239}{Pu} (n, f)$ measured abundances of tin and cadmium isotopes.

Production of nuclides with $43 \leq A \leq 51$ in the interaction of 1-28.5 GeV protons with V, Ag, In, Pb, and U targets

Y. Y. Chu, G. Friedlander, and L. Husain

Phys. Rev. C 15, 352 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The production cross sections of nuclides ranging from ${}^{43}{Sc}$ to ${}^{51}{Cr}$ in the interaction of 1-28.5 GeV protons with vanadium, silver, indium, lead, and uranium have been measured. Excitation functions of the weighted average of the measured yields for these targets are shown. Charge dispersion curves have been deduced from the measured results and total isobaric yields evaluated by using a nonlinear least squares program. Starting from the premise that spallation is chiefly responsible for the production of these nuclides from vanadium, the systematic trends thus derived suggest that these nuclides cannot be produced from heavy targets (lead and uranium) by either fission or spallation alone. Our results are not sufficient, however, to distinguish whether these nuclides are produced via some exotic process such as fragmentation or by a combination of more conventional mechanisms.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Targets: natural V, Ag, In, Pb, and U; projectiles: 1-28.5 GeV protons, measured $σ (A, Z)$ , 14 products ${}^{43}{Sc}$ - ${}^{51}{Cr}$ ; excitation functions of weighted average of measured yields, deduced charge dispersion curves, and total isobaric yield for $A = 47$ . Chemically separated Ca, Sc, V, and Cr samples.

Relativistic effects in a one-nucleon model for proton induced pion production

R. Brockmann and M. Dillig

Phys. Rev. C 15, 361 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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Pion production near threshold is investigated in a simple relativistic one-nucleon model, using the pseudoscalar $π N$ interaction operator and four-component wave functions both for the projectile and for the description of bound nucleons. Compared to a purely nonrelativistic treatment, based on the Galilean invariant $π N$ interaction, the differential cross section in this model exhibits significant differences, even in the most simple approximation.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Relativistic effects in ( $p, π$ ) near threshold.

Gauge invariance, locality, and the $σ_{- 2}$ photoabsorption sum rule

J. L. Friar and S. Fallieros

Phys. Rev. C 15, 365 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The requirements of gauge invariance for the photoabsorption and Compton amplitudes are used to evaluate the $σ_{- 2}$ sum rule through terms of order (1/mass). This expression is shown to equal the derivative of the dispersive part of the forward Compton amplitude with respect to the squared photon energy. In the absence of "frozen" meson degrees of freedom this is equivalent to the derivative of the entire Compton amplitude. If static exchange currents or finite nucleon charge distributions are present, the seagull terms of our model are nonlocal and modify the sum rule.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Calculated photoabsorption cross section and Compton amplitude. Tested $σ_{- 2}$ sum rule. Intrinsic form factors and exchange currents discussed.

Dramatic nuclear structure effects in ( $π, π N$ ) reactions

Richard R. Silbar, Joseph N. Ginocchio, and Morton M. Sternheim

Phys. Rev. C 15, 371 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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Ratios of pion-induced nucleon knockout cross sections are discussed utilizing a modified nucleon charge exchange model which takes into account nuclear structure effects on the effective number of nucleons and on the various probabilities for charge exchange. The availability of particle-stable analog states in the charge exchange transitions can give factor of 2 differences in the neutron knockout ratio between isotopes for a given $Z$ . On the other hand, proton knockout ratios are largely independent of nuclear structure. Predictions of the model are in reasonable semiquantitative agreement with all experimental data.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Ratios of $σ (π, π N)$ , $T_{π} \approx 190$ MeV, when residual nucleus observed: ${}^{12}C$ ; ${}^{11}B$ , ${}^{19}F$ , ${}^{31}P$ ; ${}^{58, 60, 62, 64}{Ni}$ , ${}^{64, 66, 68, 70}{Zn}$ ; ${}^{16, 17, 18}O$ . Dependence on availability of particle-stable IAS's.

Test of time-reversal invariance in the beta decay of ${}^{56}{Co}$

F. P. Calaprice, S. J. Freedman, B. Osgood, and W. C. Thomlinson

Phys. Rev. C 15, 381 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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A limit on time reversal noninvariance is obtained by measuring the $β - γ$ angular correlation in the decay of oriented ${}^{56}{Co}$ . From a search for a correlation of the form $E_{1} (\hat{J} \cdot \hat{k}) (\hat{J} \cdot \hat{p} \times \hat{k})$ , where $\hat{J}$ , $\hat{p}$ , and $\hat{k}$ are unit vectors in the direction of the orientation axis, positron momentum, and photon momentum, respectively, we obtain $E_{1} = \frac{2 y sin φ}{(1 + v^{2})} = - 0.011 \pm 0.022$ , where $y e^{i φ} = \frac{C_{V} M_{F}}{C_{A} M_{GT}}$ .

RADIOACTIVITY ${}^{56}{Co}$ : measured $β γ$ correlations from oriented nuclei, inferred limit on time reversal violation.

High-spin three-quasiparticle states of ${}^{93}{Nb}$ populated in the beta decay of $\frac{21}{2^{+}}$ ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$

R. A. Meyer and R. P. Yaffe

Phys. Rev. C 15, 390 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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Thirteen $γ$ rays with the 6.85-h half-life of ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$ have been identified using singles and Compton suppression Ge(Li) spectrometers. The known levels of ${}^{93}{Nb}$ at $949.82 (\frac{13}{2^{+}})$ , $1335.20 (\frac{17}{2^{+}})$ , and $1491.10 (\frac{15}{2^{+}})$ keV are populated by $γ$ rays from two levels at ( $log ft$ in parenthesis) 2753.15 (5.1) and 2180.2 keV (7.5), with possible spin values of $\frac{21}{2^{+}}$ and $\frac{19}{2^{+}}$ , respectively. The 2753-keV level is discussed within the framework of a $π (g_{\frac{9}{2}}) ν (g_{\frac{7}{2}} d_{\frac{5}{2}})$ three-quasiparticle configuration.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$ [From ${}^{90}{Zr} (α, n)$ and ${}^{92}{Zr} (α, 3 n)$ ] measured $E γ$ , $I γ$ ; deduced $log ft$ . ${}^{93}{Nb}$ deduced levels, $J$ , $π$ . Ge(Li) and Compton suppression spectrometer.

Reaction matrix calculation of ${}^{4}{He}$ with three- and four-particle correlations

Dean W. Halderson and Paul Goldhammer

Phys. Rev. C 15, 394 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone-Faddeev formalism is employed to calculate the binding energy of ${}^{4}{He}$ with the Reid soft-core potential. The propagator in the reaction matrix is modified to account for translational invariance, and antisymmetrization of the wave function. Convergence of the method is tested by introducing a variable energy shift in the excited-state spectrum.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone-Faddeev formalism revised in an oscillator basis, Reid soft-core potential, ${}^{4}{He}$ .

Test of proton-induced ${}^{2}H$ breakup: Investigation for the special kinematic condition of collinearity

N. Fujiwara, E. Hourany, H. Nakamura-Yokota, F. Reide, and T. Yuasa

Phys. Rev. C 15, 4 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The breakup of ${}^{2}H$ induced by 156 MeV protons has been studied in the ( $p, 2 p$ ) and the ( $p, pn$ ) reactions in the kinematically complete measurement with the unique kinematic condition: The three nucleons are collinear in the center of mass system of three nucleons in the final state. Also we performed experiments having neighboring kinematic conditions. The $\frac{d^{3} σ}{d Ω_{1} d Ω_{2} d E_{1}}$ spectrum gives a peak in the region far from the final-state interaction and the true quasifree interaction regions. In this region of interest $\frac{d^{3} σ}{d Ω_{1} d Ω_{2} d E_{1}}$ is calculated by a model derived from the fixed-scattering-center approximation proposed by L'Huillier and Ballot with Benoist-Gueutal. The model gives a smooth minimum, while the experimental peak is very sharp and sensitive to $θ_{3}$ . The fixed-scattering-center approximation explains the present experimental $\frac{d^{3} σ}{d Ω_{1} d Ω_{2} d E_{1}}$ spectrum in the entire region fairly well except at this peak. Because of this, we consider this peak difficult to explain by the fixed-scattering-center approximation to the Faddeev equation solution. This peak is similar to that observed by Lambert et al. at 23 MeV.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{2}H (p, 2 p)$ , ${}^{2}H (p, p n)$ , $E = 156$ MeV. Measured $σ (θ_{1}, θ_{2}, E_{1})$ with three final-state nucleons collinear.

Nonsingular integral equation for multichannel scattering

M. Bolsterli and A. S. Rinat

Phys. Rev. C 15, 40 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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Trinucleon charge form factor

M. I. Haftel and W. M. Kloet

Phys. Rev. C 15, 404 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The trinucleon charge form factors are studied for various nuclear interaction models with possible three-body force and meson-exchange-current effects included. A unitary transformation method of generating three-body forces is discussed. Various meson-exchange effects, including pair and recoil currents as well as that of the $π NN$ vertex function, are investigated. The calculations show that the strong potential dependence of the ${}^{3}{He}$ charge form factor in the impulse approximation diminishes considerably when meson-exchange effects are included. Exchange effects in ${}^{3}H$ are smaller than in ${}^{3}{He}$ and do not reduce the potential dependence. By including meson-exchange currents and three-body forces, good fits to the available ${}^{3}{He}$ and ${}^{3}H$ form factor data for $0.5 {fm}^{- 2} \leq q^{2} \leq 12 {fm}^{- 2}$ are obtained without sacrificing a satisfactory triton binding energy. The position of the diffraction minimum is correctly predicted and the height of the second maximum is improved to about half of the experimental value.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ${}^{3}{He}$ , ${}^{3}H$ ; calculated charge form factors; pair and recoil exchange currents included; effect of $π NN$ vertex function; dependence on nuclear force; six two-body forces, two three-body forces.

$K$ -matrix formalisms in multiparticle scattering

K. L. Kowalski

Phys. Rev. C 15, 42 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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The Kouri-Levin $K$ -matrix formalism for multiparticle scattering is examined in the particular case of three-particle scattering. It is shown that in order for this method to generate transition amplitudes satisfying unitarity, much more stringent constraints must be imposed upon the $K$ operators in addition to the zero discontinuity condition. The imposition of these constraints seriously limits the usefulness of this formalism as a unitarization technique; this conclusion holds for multiparticle scattering as well. The relationship of the Kouri-Levin method to other realizations of the $K$ -matrix idea is studied. In the three-particle case it is found that the Kouri-Levin method is not preferable on grounds of simplicity to any of the extant techniques even ignoring the constraints required in addition to the zero discontinuity condition.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Channel coupling array theory, $K$ operators, unitary approximations.

Moshinsky brackets for light nuclei

M. Znojil

Phys. Rev. C 15, 423 (1977) - Published 1 January, 1977

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A new formula for calculation of the Moshinsky brackets is derived. As its consequence, simple formulas for the angle-averaged Pauli projector matrix elements and for the transformed two-particle oscillator wave functions are given.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE New formulas for Moshinsky brackets, Pauli projector and Moshinsky transformed states.

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Optical-model potential in single-nucleon-transfer reactions induced by heavy ions

$T = 1$ positive parity states in ${}^{28}{Si}$ and ${}^{28}P$

Lifetime and branching ratio of the second excited state of ${}^{38}K$

Analysis of direct and indirect processes of two-proton-transfer reactions performed on ${}^{64}{Ni}$ and ${}^{100}{Mo}$

Search for long-lived superheavy elements in the reaction system ${}^{238}U$ + 9.6-MeV/nucleon ${}^{63, 65}{Cu}$

Mixing of doorway states via fine-structure states and possible application to the study of fission isomers

Intermediate structures in sub-barrier fission

Fission yields in the symmetric region: Yields of the stable isotopes of tin and cadmium in the thermal neutron fission of ${}^{235}U$ and ${}^{239}{Pu}$

Production of nuclides with $43 \leq A \leq 51$ in the interaction of 1-28.5 GeV protons with V, Ag, In, Pb, and U targets

Relativistic effects in a one-nucleon model for proton induced pion production

Gauge invariance, locality, and the $σ_{- 2}$ photoabsorption sum rule

Dramatic nuclear structure effects in ( $π, π N$ ) reactions

Test of time-reversal invariance in the beta decay of ${}^{56}{Co}$

High-spin three-quasiparticle states of ${}^{93}{Nb}$ populated in the beta decay of $\frac{21}{2^{+}}$ ${}^{93}{Mo}^{m}$

Reaction matrix calculation of ${}^{4}{He}$ with three- and four-particle correlations

Test of proton-induced ${}^{2}H$ breakup: Investigation for the special kinematic condition of collinearity

Nonsingular integral equation for multichannel scattering

Trinucleon charge form factor

$K$ -matrix formalisms in multiparticle scattering

Moshinsky brackets for light nuclei

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