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Importance of the breakup mechanism for composite particle scattering

G. Baur, R. Shyam, F. Rösel, and D. Trautmann

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2668(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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We calculate in our formulation of the elastic and inelastic breakup process in nucleus-nucleus collisions the corresponding flux removed from the elastic channel. It is the dominant reaction mode for surface partial waves. Strongly reminiscent of the Serber model, the absorption can be characterized by "geometrical" quantities (radius of the projectile and target nucleus) and a "strength parameter" which becomes constant for energies much larger than the binding energy of the projectile.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $A (d, p)$ breakup at $E_{d} = 25.5, 80$ MeV, $A = 27, 62, 93, 181, 197$ ; $A (α, {}^{3}{He})$ breakup at $E_{α} = 100, 140, 172.5$ MeV, $A = 58, 62, 90$ ; calculated breakup probabilities, total cross sections, deduced gross properties.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Evidence for statistical fluctuation in the fragmentation of ${}^{16}O$ at intermediate energies

Che Ming Ko

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2672(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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The asymmetry in the parallel and transverse momentum distributions for fragments produced by the fragmentation of ${}^{16}O$ at intermediate energies has been partially explained previously by the deflection of the projectile trajectory. The remaining discrepancy of ∼ 25% between theory and experiment is suggested here as due to the scattering angle fluctuation as a result of the damping of the projectile kinetic energy. A model is introduced to study quantitatively this effect.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Momentum distributions of projectile fragments studied including the effect of statistical fluctuations.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Projection operator method for finding energies and widths of shape resonances in heavy-ion collisions

Thomas L. Larry and William P. Beres

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2675(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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A projection operator approach is presented for the determination of energies and widths of shape resonances in low-energy heavy-ion scattering. The method produces essentially the same results as standard $S$ -matrix techniques in much less time, and works best for narrow virtual and quasibound resonances that could easily be missed by a scan. Examples for ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{12}C$ are given.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Shape resonances in low-energy heavy-ion collisions; calculated $E_{RES}$ and $Γ$ . Projection operators; no scanning. Comparison with $S$ -matrix methods.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

$P$ -wave dispersive contribution to low-energy elastic $π^{+} {}^{2}H$ scattering

R. M. Rockmore

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2678(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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The $P$ -wave dispersive contribution to the elastic scattering of low-energy positive pions ( $T_{π +}^{lab} \sim 50$ MeV) by deuterons is studied in a simple model with pion and $ρ$ -meson rescattering via isobar excitation. For $S$ -state deuterons it is found that only the tensor part of the effective potential for one-boson exchange contributes, and the resulting interference with the single scattering is a sensitive function of the $ρ$ parameter, $κ$ .

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $d (π^{+}, π^{+})$ , $E = 49$ MeV; $P$ -wave dispersive contribution; $π$ , $ρ$ rescattering; interference with single scattering; $ρ$ parameter.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

( $π$ , $p$ ) absorption in ${}^{6, 7}{Li}$ at 75 and 175 MeV

Jan Källne, J. Davis, P. C. Gugelot, J. S. McCarthy, G. R. Smith, R. L. Boudrie, B. Höistad, and C. L. Morris

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2681(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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Differential cross sections are reported for ( $π^{+}$ , $p$ ) reactions to discrete final states over the range $θ = 20 - 95 (116 °)$ and for the inclusive ( $π^{\pm}$ , $p$ ) reactions in ${}^{6}{Li}$ at $θ = 20 °$ to the continuum. The continuum cross sections indicate the predominance of the two-nucleon pion absorption mechanism where ( $π^{-}$ , $p$ ) shows the importance of multiple (charge-exchange) scattering. The combined use of the exclusive and inclusive cross sections is discussed.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{6, 7}{Li}$ ( $π^{+}$ , $p$ ) ${}^{5, 6}{Li}$ , $T_{π} = 75$ MeV, $θ = 20 - 116 °$ , $T_{π} = 175$ MeV, $θ_{p} = 20 - 95 °$ measured $σ (θ)$ ; ${}^{6}{Li}$ ( $π^{\pm}$ , $p$ ), $T_{π} = 75, 175$ MeV, $θ_{p} = 20 °$ measured $σ (T_{p})$ ; discussed reaction mechanism effects.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Comparison of analyzing powers and polarizations for the charge symmetric reactions ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) ${}^{3}H$ and ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $n$ ) ${}^{3}{He}$

J. J. Bevelacqua

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2685(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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Analyzing powers and polarizations for the ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $n$ ) and ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) charge symmetric reactions were calculated in a $4 ℏ ω$ model space within the framework of the generalized $R$ -matrix methodology of Lane and Robson. The calculated differences are approximately an order of magnitude smaller than those quoted by Dries et al.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Calculated analyzing power and polarization differences for the charge symmetric reactions ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) and ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $n$ ) for $E_{d} <~ 10.0$ MeV.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

High energy scattering from a bound nucleon: Unitarity and closure approximation

F. Cannata and S. A. Gurvitz

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2687(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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The scattering of high energy hadrons from nuclei is treated in a generalized closure approximation for inclusive cross sections which takes into account some Fermi motion and binding potential effects. The consistency with unitarity is demonstrated.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS High energy scattering, single scattering amplitude, inclusive cross section, closure approximation, unitarity.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Time-dependent quadrupole interactions in ${}^{129}I$

S. L. Gupta, Ashok Kumar, S. K. Soni, and S. C. Pancholi

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2691(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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$γ - γ$ time-differential directional correlation studies have been carried out on the $\frac{5}{2^{+}}$ (459.6 keV) $\frac{5}{2^{+}}$ (27.8 keV) $\frac{7}{2^{+}}$ cascade in ${}^{129}I$ using a ${}^{129}{Te}^{m + g}$ source in $4 N$ HCl. The measurements reveal time-dependent electric quadrupole perturbation of the correlation. From the plot of $A_{2} (\bar{t})$ vs $\bar{t}$ (finite time resolution corrected), the obtained values of the relaxation parameter $λ_{2}^{el}$ and the unperturbed $A_{2} (0)$ coefficient (solid angle corrected) are (0.21±0.01) × $10^{9}$ $\sec^{- 1}$ and -(0.068±0.002), respectively. The observed $λ_{2}^{el}$ is consistent with that deduced from the theory of Abragam and Pound.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}^{129}{Te}^{m + g}$ [from ${}^{128}{Te}$ ( $n$ , $γ$ )]; measured $γ - γ (θ, t)$ ; deduced $λ_{2}^{el}$ , $A_{2} (0)$ , ${\bar{G}}_{2} (\infty)$ .

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Composite particle emission from ${}^{65}{Zn}$

H. Machner

Phys. Rev. C 21, 2695(R) (1980) - Published 1 June, 1980

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Calculations within the framework of the exciton-coalescence model of angle integrated spectra as well as of angular distributions for light charged particles with $A \leq 4$ from ${}^{65}{Zn}$ * with $E^{*} = 37.4$ MeV have been made. These reproduce well the influence of different projectiles (deuterons, helions, alphas) leading to the same compound system. The analysis indicates projectile and ejectile dependent radii of the coalescence spheres.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{63}{Cu}$ ( $d$ , $X$ ), $E = 24.7$ MeV; ${}^{62}{Ni}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , $X$ ), $E = 24.3$ MeV; ${}^{61}{Ni}$ ( $α$ , $X$ ), $E = 35.5$ MeV; Calculation of pre-equilibrium angle integrated spectra, angular distributions, and comparison with experiment.

${}^{12}C$ ( $p$ , $α^{*}$ ) ${}^{9}B$ reaction in the finite range microscopic distorted-wave Born-approximation formalism

S. K. Datta, W. R. Falk, S. P. Kwan, R. Abegg, and O. A. Abou-Zeid

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1687 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The differential cross sections for the ${}^{12}C$ ( $p$ , $α^{*}$ ) ${}^{9}B$ (g.s.) and ${}^{12}C$ ( $p$ , $α$ ) ${}^{9}B$ (g.s.) reactions were measured at forward angles at the proton energy of 45.2 MeV. The outgoing $α^{*}$ particle (20.1 MeV, $0^{+}$ , $T = 0$ ) was detected by measuring in coincidence the proton and triton breakup products. Finite range distorted-wave Born approximation and final state interaction calculations were employed in describing the reaction with the unbound emitted particle. The form factor for the distorted-wave Born-approximation analysis was calculated in a microscopic model employing Woods-Saxon wave functions for the three individual transferred nucleons. Microscopic wave functions for the $α$ and $α^{*}$ particles, due to Hackenbroich et al., were used. Comparisons were also made with distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations using cluster transfer form factors. Relative normalizations between the ( $p$ , $α^{*}$ ) and the corresponding ( $p$ , $α$ ) angular distribution were found to be in good agreement with theoretical prediction from the microscopic model.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C$ ( $p$ , $α^{*}$ ) ${}^{9}B$ , ${}^{12}C$ ( $p$ , $α$ ) ${}^{9}B$ , $E = 45.2$ MeV; measured $σ (E_{p}, E_{t}, θ)$ , $E_{pt} = 0.285$ MeV, $σ (E_{α}, θ)$ ; finite range DWBA analysis, microscopic and cluster form factors; final state interaction; relative normalization.

Photoneutron studies of $E 1$ , $M 1$ , and $E 2$ excitations in ${}^{13}C$

R. J. Holt, R. M. Laszewski, H. E. Jackson, J. E. Monahan, and J. R. Specht

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1699 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The angular distribution for the ${}^{13}C$ ( $γ$ , $n_{0}$ ) ${}^{12}C$ reaction was observed in the energy region 6.5 to 9.3 MeV and at angles of 90° and 135°. The photoneutron measurements were analyzed in terms of a multilevel $R$ -matrix formalism. The ${}^{12}C$ ( $n$ , $n$ ) ${}^{12}C$ reaction channel was explicitly included in this analysis. The effects of potential capture were directly observed in the photoneutron spectra. The ground-state radiative widths for resonances in this energy region were deduced from the $R$ -matrix interpretation of the results. The ground-state transition probabilities for $E 1$ excitations at 7.69 and 8.19 MeV were found to be in good agreement with the predictions of the weak-coupling model.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{13}C$ ( $γ$ , $n_{0}$ ) ${}^{12}C$ , $E_{exc} = 6.5 - 9.3$ MeV, measured $σ (θ)$ , $θ = 90 °, 135 °$ ; deduced $Γ_{γ 0}$ .

Quasi-free ( $α$ , $2 α$ ) reaction induced by 140 MeV alpha particles on ${}^{9}{Be}$ , ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , and ${}^{20}{Ne}$

C. W. Wang, N. S. Chant, P. G. Roos, A. Nadasen, and T. A. Carey

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1705 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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Measurements of the ( $α$ , $2 α$ ) reaction on ${}^{9}{Be}$ , ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , and ${}^{20}{Ne}$ targets at $E_{α} = 140$ MeV were made at 20 angle pairs. The quasi-free knockout mechanism appears to dominate the reaction. The experimental data were analyzed with distorted-wave impulse approximation calculations. The factorization approximation employed in the calculations was tested explicitly and found to be valid. The shapes of the calculated energy sharing spectra are in satisfactory agreement with the data. The predicted absolute cross sections were found to be very sensitive to the cluster-core bound state radius parameter, and a bound state radius $R = 2.52 {A_{c}}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ fm is necessary to obtain absolute spectroscopic factors consistent with existing theoretical values. Several possible explanations for this excessive value are suggested. Comparisons are made with other alpha knockout and transfer reactions.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{9}{Be}$ , ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{20}{Ne}$ ( $α$ , $2 α$ ), $E_{α} = 140$ MeV; measured $σ (E_{α 1}, E_{α 2}, θ_{α 1}, θ_{α 2})$ DWIA analysis; deduced absolute spectroscopic factors.

Separation of current and spin contributions to isovector $M 1$ excitations by means of the ( $e$ , $e^{'}$ ) and ( $p$ , $n$ ) reactions

F. Petrovich, W. G. Love, and R. J. McCarthy

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1718 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The orbital current and spin contributions to isovector $M 1$ excitations in light nuclei are studied microscopically by combining information from inelastic electron scattering at small momentum transfers with that obtained from recent measurements of ( $p$ , $n$ ) cross sections at forward angles. The ( $p$ , $n$ ) reaction is studied within the distorted-wave approximation using a $G$ -matrix interaction and shell model wave functions and the ( $e$ , $e^{'}$ ) scattering is calculated in a plane wave approximation.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Charge exchange scattering, $E_{p} = 62$ MeV, cross sections; inelastic electron scattering; targets ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{24}{Mg}$ , ${}^{28}{Si}$ .

Adiabatic limit of the Faddeev equations

L. R. Dodd and K. J. Nieukerke

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1724 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The adiabatic scattering of two heavy particles, interacting by the exchange of a third light particle, is considered from the Faddeev viewpoint. The Faddeev equations are reduced to an equivalent infinite set of coupled integral equations, which like the equations of the close-coupling scheme have two-body kinematics, and effective two-body interactions, but unlike the close-coupling equations, properly include the effects of breakup states. Complete sets of eigenstates of the kernels of the two-body Lippmann-Schwinger equations (Sturmian states) are used to effect the expansions. For the special case of separable interactions the equivalent set is shown to be finite. The effective interactions of the theory are examined in the adiabatic and static limits and compared with the potentials of the close-coupling scheme. In the limiting case the interactions are determined by a reduced form of the three-particle propagator and found to be local, leading to an alternative set of coupled differential equations for the three-body elastic amplitude. The effective potentials and their limiting forms are constructed for three specific examples, the Yamaguchi interactions, a nonrelativistic model of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, and a model of heavy-ion transfer scattering using $δ$ -shell interactions.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Three-body scattering in molecular-mass limit. Sturmian reduction of Faddeev equations. Adiabatic and static limits of effective two-body interactions for Yamaguchi, $δ$ -shell potentials, model nucleon-nucleon interaction.

Scattering amplitudes and integral equations for the collision of two charged composite particles

E. O. Alt and W. Sandhas

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1733 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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Transition operators for the collision of two clusters composed of an arbitrary number of charged and neutral particles are represented as a sum of pure Coulomb and Coulomb-modified short-range operators. Sandwiching this relation between the corresponding channel states, correct two-fragment scattering amplitudes are obtained by adapting the conventional two-body screening and renormalization procedure. Furthermore, integral equations are derived for off-shell extensions of the full screened amplitudes and of the unscreened Coulomb-modified short-range amplitudes. For three particles, the final results coincide with those derived previously in a different approach. The proposed theory is valid for pure Coulomb scattering as well as for systems containing, in addition, two-body interactions of short range.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $N$ -body scattering theory for charged particles. Scattering amplitudes for two-fragment collisions defined via screening and renormalization procedure. Derived effective two-body integral equations. Formalism also applicable to atomic problems.

${}^{56}{Fe}$ ( $e$ , $α$ ) reaction and its relevance to the $E 2$ isoscalar sum rule

D. M. Skopik, J. Asai, and J. J. Murphy, II

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1746 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The cross section ${}^{56}{Fe}$ ( $e$ , $α$ ) has been measured as a function of $α$ energy, lab angle, and incident electron energy. The analyses of these data using distorted-wave Born approximation virtual photon spectra have been performed in the framework of models suggested by the data. We find that the ( $e$ , $α$ ) channel exhausts a sizable percentage of the $E 2$ isoscalar sum rule.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{56}{Fe}$ ( $e$ , $α$ ,) measured $σ (E_{0}, E_{α}, θ_{α})$ , obtained $σ (e, α)$ and determined $σ^{E 1} (γ, α)$ and $σ^{E 2} (γ, α)$ .

Nuclear excitation of ${}^{111}{Cd}$ by positron annihilation

Yoshihisa Watanabe, Takeshi Mukoyama, and Sakae Shimizu

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1753 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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Nuclear excitation of ${}^{111}{Cd}$ by positron annihilation has been investigated. The experimental evidence for this process was searched by observing the 245-keV $γ$ rays from ${}^{111}{Cd}^{m}$ after irradiation of natural cadmium foils by positrons from the $β^{+}$ decay of ${}^{64}{Cu}$ . For the excited level of 1330 keV in ${}^{111}{Cd}$ , the experimental cross section of the annihilation-excitation process has been estimated to be less than 8.6× $10^{- 25}$ ${cm}^{2}$ . This upper limit is larger than the simple theoretical estimate. Further improvements of theoretical and experimental studies are discussed.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{111}{Cd}$ ; evaluated excitation cross section for 1330-keV level by positron annihilation.

Statistical and pre-equilibrium ( $γ$ , $α$ ) cross sections of ${}^{90}{Zr}$ and their multipolarities via the ${}^{90}{Zr}$ ( $e$ , $α$ ) reaction

T. Tamae, T. Urano, M. Hirooka, and M. Sugawara

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1758 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The ( $e$ , $α$ ) cross section in ${}^{90}{Zr}$ has been measured at incident electron energies from 13.5 MeV to 66.5 MeV for $α$ particles between 6.9 and 16.8 MeV. The ( $γ$ , $α$ ) cross section was deduced from it assuming both $E 1$ interaction and $E 2$ interaction. The angular distribution of the ( $γ$ , $α_{0}$ ) cross section and an experiment using the bremsstrahlung plus electron beam make it clear that the $E 1$ interaction is dominant over all the present energy range. The ( $γ$ , $α$ ) cross section extracted by using $E 1$ virtual photon spectra has a large bump above the excitation energy of 30 MeV in addition to a bump in the giant dipole resonance region. The ( $γ$ , $α_{0}$ ) cross section also has a bump at the giant dipole resonance which exhausts most of the ( $γ$ , $α$ ) cross section in that region. The compound nucleus model was used successfully to explain the bump at the giant dipole resonance. The cross section above 30 MeV is discussed in terms of the pre-equilibrium $α$ emission process combined with the quasi-deuteron model.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{90}{Zr}$ ( $e$ , $α$ ), $E_{e} = 13.5 - 66.5$ MeV; measured $\frac{d σ (e, α)}{d Ω}$ , deduced $\frac{d σ (γ, α)}{d Ω}$ and $\frac{d σ (γ, α_{0})}{d Ω}$ . Angular distributions; ( $γ$ , $α_{0}$ ) at $E_{e} = 17.5$ MeV and ( $e$ , $α$ ) at $E_{e} = 40.0$ MeV, $θ_{α} = 45 - 135 °$ . Experiment using electron plus bremsstrahlung at $E_{e} = 60.0$ MeV. Calculations, compound nucleus model, and pre-equilibrium exciton model combined with quasi-deuteron model.

Decay of deformed and superdeformed nuclei formed in heavy ion reactions

Marshall Blann

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1770 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The importance of considering the deformation of nuclei at high angular momenta in computing transmission coefficients for their decay is the major topic of this work. Deformations based on the rotating liquid drop model were used to generate transmission coefficients versus compound nucleus angular momentum. The results were then used in a Hauser-Feshbach code which included fission competition to assess the ultimate importance of deformation modified transmission coefficients. It was found that for a broad range of prolate nuclei (superdeformed) the course of deexcitation predicted changes totally from predominant fission to predominant $α$ decay because of a new mechanism called $α$ -decay amplification. The phase space relationships responsible for this new mechanism are presented. It is shown that this predicted new decay mode of superdeformed nuclei is consistent with a large body of existing experimental results, though more explicit experiments must be completed to confirm the new mechanism.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Study effects on deexcitation from calculating transmission coefficients for superdeformed ${}^{56}{Ni}$ , ${}^{149}{Tb}$ nuclei formed by HI bombardment. Compare results with usual Hauser-Feshbach calculation assuming spherical nuclei.

Target residues from the reaction of 8 GeV ${}^{20}{Ne}$ with ${}^{181}{Ta}$ and ${}^{197}{Au}$

D. J. Morrissey, W. Loveland, M. de Saint Simon, and G. T. Seaborg

Phys. Rev. C 21, 1783 (1980) - Published 1 May, 1980

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The cross sections for the production of 99 different target fragments from reactions of 8.0 GeV ${}^{20}{Ne}$ with ${}^{181}{Ta}$ and ${}^{197}{Au}$ were measured. The target fragment radioactivities were measured by off-line gamma-ray spectroscopy. Details of the measurement as well as the calculation of the independent isotopic production cross sections and the integrated mass yields are given. Comparisons of these data to previously reported data for proton induced reactions show that the target residue production cross sections scale with the total projectile kinetic energy, not velocity. The total cross section for residue production indicates that some products result from collisions with significant overlap of the central densities of the two nuclei, in contrast to results obtained with low mass targets. Comparisons of the data with a Monte Carlo cascade calculation and an abrasion-ablation calculation verify the importance of ground state correlations of the neutrons and protons on the fragmentation isotopic cross sections.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{181}{Ta}$ ( ${}^{20}{Ne}$ , spallation), ${}^{197}{Au}$ ( ${}^{20}{Ne}$ , spallation), $E = 8.0$ GeV; measured radionuclide production cross sections and isobaric yields; comparison to proton induced spallation of ${}^{181}{Ta}$ and ${}^{197}{Au}$ ; comparison to abrasion-ablation and Monte Carlo cascade models for residue production; Ge(Li) spectroscopy, radioanalytical mass and charge distributions; relativistic heavy ion nuclear reactions.

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Recent Issues

Importance of the breakup mechanism for composite particle scattering

Evidence for statistical fluctuation in the fragmentation of ${}^{16}O$ at intermediate energies

Projection operator method for finding energies and widths of shape resonances in heavy-ion collisions

$P$ -wave dispersive contribution to low-energy elastic $π^{+} {}^{2}H$ scattering

( $π$ , $p$ ) absorption in ${}^{6, 7}{Li}$ at 75 and 175 MeV

Comparison of analyzing powers and polarizations for the charge symmetric reactions ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) ${}^{3}H$ and ${}^{2}H$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $n$ ) ${}^{3}{He}$

High energy scattering from a bound nucleon: Unitarity and closure approximation

Time-dependent quadrupole interactions in ${}^{129}I$

Composite particle emission from ${}^{65}{Zn}$

${}^{12}C$ ( $p$ , $α^{*}$ ) ${}^{9}B$ reaction in the finite range microscopic distorted-wave Born-approximation formalism

Photoneutron studies of $E 1$ , $M 1$ , and $E 2$ excitations in ${}^{13}C$

Quasi-free ( $α$ , $2 α$ ) reaction induced by 140 MeV alpha particles on ${}^{9}{Be}$ , ${}^{12}C$ , ${}^{16}O$ , and ${}^{20}{Ne}$

Separation of current and spin contributions to isovector $M 1$ excitations by means of the ( $e$ , $e^{'}$ ) and ( $p$ , $n$ ) reactions

Adiabatic limit of the Faddeev equations

Scattering amplitudes and integral equations for the collision of two charged composite particles

${}^{56}{Fe}$ ( $e$ , $α$ ) reaction and its relevance to the $E 2$ isoscalar sum rule

Nuclear excitation of ${}^{111}{Cd}$ by positron annihilation

Statistical and pre-equilibrium ( $γ$ , $α$ ) cross sections of ${}^{90}{Zr}$ and their multipolarities via the ${}^{90}{Zr}$ ( $e$ , $α$ ) reaction

Decay of deformed and superdeformed nuclei formed in heavy ion reactions

Target residues from the reaction of 8 GeV ${}^{20}{Ne}$ with ${}^{181}{Ta}$ and ${}^{197}{Au}$

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