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Electron scattering from excited states of ${}^{18}O$ above 10 MeV

E. J. Ansaldo

Phys. Rev. C 22, 915(R) (1980) - Published 1 August, 1980

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The giant resonance region of ${}^{18}O$ has been investigated by means of inelastic electron scattering at three values of the momentum transfer. The main features of the giant dipole resonance correlate well with photonuclear reaction data. In addition, considerable contribution from quadrupole excitations is apparent in the excitation energy range from 10 to 23 MeV, with some additional strength from 30 to 45 MeV.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{18}O (e, e^{'})$ , $E = 80.0 - 165.7$ MeV, $θ = 67.0 - 132.0 °$ —enenriched gas target. Measured $σ (E^{'}, θ)$ . Deduced differential form factors.

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Elastic and inelastic scattering of ${}^{6}{Li}$ at about 74 MeV and the folding model

G. R. Satchler

Phys. Rev. C 22, 919(R) (1980) - Published 1 August, 1980

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The data for the elastic scattering of ${}^{6}{Li}$ at 73.7 MeV from ${}^{58}{Ni}$ , ${}^{90}{Zr}$ , ${}^{124}{Sn}$ , and ${}^{208}{Pb}$ have been fitted using the M3Y effective interaction and the folding model for the real potential. The results confirm that the renormalization of this interaction by about 0.6 needed to fit data at lower energies is required here also. Comparison with data for the inelastic scattering from ${}^{58}{Ni}$ at 71 MeV shows them to be consistent with folding model predictions using the same renormalization, but the dominance of the imaginary coupling makes more detailed conclusions difficult.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{58}{Ni}$ , ${}^{90}{Zr}$ , ${}^{124}{Sn}$ , ${}^{208}{Pb}$ ( ${}^{6}{Li}$ , ${}^{6}{Li}$ ), $E = 73.7$ MeV; ${}^{58}{Ni}$ ( ${}^{6}{Li}$ , ${}^{6}{Li}$ ′), $E = 71$ MeV. Deduced folding optical model parameters.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Compressibility and the monopole collective field

F. Serr, G. Bertsch, and J. P. Blaizot

Phys. Rev. C 22, 922(R) (1980) - Published 1 August, 1980

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We show the relation between conventional random phase approximation and the collective field description of monopole vibrations by Hamamoto and Mottelson. When surface compression is properly included, the collective treatment yields the same vibrational frequency as conventional random phase approximation, for a given compressibility.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Giant monopole vibrations, surface effects, relation to compressibility.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Example of a breakdown of the random phase approximation for calculating polarization charges

L. Zamick

Phys. Rev. C 22, 925(R) (1980) - Published 1 August, 1980

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The mean value of the spin exchange interaction of a Hartree-Fock solution for a closed shell $N = Z$ nucleus vanishes. However, such an interaction can destroy the close connection between the Hartree-Fock and random phase approximation for a closed shell plus one nucleon system.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Test of the random phase approximation.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

${}^{204}{Pb} (n, n^{'} γ) {}^{204}{Pb}$ reaction

W. K. Dawson, P. W. Green, H. R. Hooper, G. C. Neilson, D. M. Sheppard, H. E. Siefken, D. L. Smith, and J. M. Davidson

Phys. Rev. C 22, 928(R) (1980) - Published 1 August, 1980

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The excited states of ${}^{204}{Pb}$ were studied using the ${}^{204}{Pb} (n, n^{'} γ)$ reaction. Gamma-ray excitation functions and angular distributions were recorded using a small-sample technique. Previously unreported ${}^{204}{Pb}$ levels were observed at 1605 ± 1, 1682 ± 1, 1762 ± 1, 1873 ± 1, and 2276 ± 3 keV excitation. The spins of the levels at 1682, 1762, 1873, and 2276 keV are $J = 1, 2, or 3^{-}$ . The spin and parity of the 1605 keV level is limited to $J^{π} = 3^{+} or 4^{+}$ . Multipole mixing ratios were measured for several transitions where the initial and final state spins and parities were firmly established from previous work.

NUCLEAR REACTION ${}^{204}{Pb} (n, n^{'} γ)$ , $E = 1.5 - 3.1$ MeV; $E_{γ}$ , $I (E)$ , $I (E_{γ}, θ_{γ})$ ; ${}^{204}{Pb}$ deduced levels, $J$ , $δ$ . Enriched target. Ge(Li) detectors.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Three-dimensional charge dispersion curves from interactions of 11-29 GeV protons with uranium

Yu-Wen Yu

Phys. Rev. C 22, 933(R) (1980) - Published 1 August, 1980

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Experimental nuclear charge-dispersion curves from interactions of 11-29 GeV protons with ${}^{238}U$ have been used in the construction of three-dimensional charge-dispersion curves. They show the yield variation with mass number $A$ . Neutron-deficient products are distributed over the entire mass range with a peak at $A$ near 87, while the yield of neutron-excessive products is distributed only in the relatively narrow mass region between $A = 70$ and $A = 150$ and has a maximum around $A = 115$ . An isobaric yield curve has been obtained by summing up each of the charge-dispersion curves and shows a peak, rather than the flat top, in the mass region $A = 80 to 140$ reported previously. The mass yield curves of neutron-excessive and neutron-deficient products are obtained by a decomposition of the charge-dispersion curve with two Gaussians, and the mechanism of formation is suggested.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS High energy proton-induced nuclear fission, fragmentation, spallation, isobaric yield and three-dimensional charge dispersion curves.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Band crossing in the interacting boson model

A. Gelberg and A. Zemel

Phys. Rev. C 22, 937(R) (1980) - Published 1 August, 1980

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The crossing of the ground-state band with a band based on a two-particle state has been investigated in the SU(3) limit of the interacting boson model. Energies, $E 2$ transition probabilities, and $g$ factors have been calculated. The results obtained in the SU(3) approximation show that the interacting boson model is able to describe the main features of band crossing.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Band crossing, energies and $B (E 2)$ calculated, interacting boson model.

Multistep compound cross section from Markovian processes

William A. Friedman

Phys. Rev. C 22, 1 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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The multistep compound cross section is developed assuming only that the contributing processes are Markovian. An expression identical with that of the nested-average method result is obtained, permitting microscopic interpretation of that result. Comparison is made between this and other methods in an attempt to better understand each approach.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Multistep compound cross sections, nondirect reactions, statistical theory.

${}^{16}O$ + ${}^{12}C$ resonances within the strong absorption region for $E_{c . m .} > 23$ MeV

C. M. Jachcinski, P. Braun-Munzinger, G. M. Berkowitz, R. H. Freifelder, M. Gai, T. R. Renner, and C. D. Uhlhorn

Phys. Rev. C 22, 101 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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Excitation functions for ${}^{12}C$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{16}O$ ) ${}^{12}C$ elastic and inelastic scattering have been measured in the energy range $23 \leq E_{c . m .} \leq 32$ MeV. Two strong structures at $E_{c . m .} = 25.5 and 29.6$ MeV are observed in the ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{16}O$ ( $3^{-}$ ,6.13 MeV) exit channel; angular correlation measurements at these energies suggest spin assignments of $15^{-}$ and $16^{+}$ , respectively.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , ${}^{16}O$ *) ${}^{12}C$ *; $E_{c . m .} = 23 - 32$ MeV, $θ_{c . m .} ({}^{16}O) = 130 ° - 155 °$ ; measured $σ (E)$ angular correlations.

Rapid energy equilibration and emission of H and He in the reaction of 340-MeV ${}^{40}{Ar}$ with ${}^{197}{Au}$

D. Logan, M. Rajagopalan, M. S. Zisman, John M. Alexander, Morton Kaplan, and Ludwik Kowalski

Phys. Rev. C 22, 104 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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Energy and angular distributions have been measured for H and He both in singles and in coincidence with a heavy fragment. Large cross sections have been observed for both a low-temperature component at backward angles and a high-temperature component at forward angles. Both the preequilibrium and evaporationlike components are apparently emitted prior to scission, predominantly in coincidence with fragments of $Z > 27$ . The angular anisotropy and out-of-plane correlation for ${}^{4}{He}$ are not consistent with emission from the composite systems of highest spin ( $\approx 190 ℏ$ ) but are consistent with emission from the ${}^{237}{Bk}$ composite with average spin $\approx 70 ℏ$ . Extensive energy sharing and H/He emission occur in many reactions so rapidly as to precede fission which is heavily favored by energetic and phase space considerations.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{197}{Au}$ ( ${}^{40}{Ar}$ , fission and H/He), $E = 340$ MeV, measured energy and angular distributions for ${}^{1, 2, 3}H$ and ${}^{4}{He}$ in singles mode and coincidences between H/He and one fission-like fragment.

Possible production of actinide spontaneous fission activities in damped collisions of ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{56}{Fe}$

V. E. Viola, Jr., A. C. Mignerey, H. Breuer, K. L. Wolf, B. G. Glagola, W. W. Wilcke, W. U. Schröder, J. R. Huizenga, D. Hilscher, and J. R. Birkelund

Phys. Rev. C 22, 122 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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Results of recent nuclear reaction studies on the ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{56}{Fe}$ system are analyzed in order to investigate the cross sections for production of spontaneously fissioning species with $90 \leq Z \leq 100$ . This reaction is nearly identical to those used as the basis for identification of new elements with $Z = 104 - 107$ , reported to be spontaneous fission emitters. Evidence is presented which indicates that actinide elements are formed with primary yields of the order of millibarns in strongly damped collisions of 464 MeV ${}^{56}{Fe}$ with ${}^{209}{Bi}$ . Although strongly depleted by fission competition, final yields of possible spontaneous fission activities ${}^{240 - 244}{Am}^{f}$ , ${}^{234 - 238}{Cf}$ , and ${}^{242 - 246}{Fm}$ are calculated to be of the order of nanobarns. These results suggest that the spontaneous fission activities observed in similar reactions may be due at least in part to fission decay of actinide elements rather than elements with $Z = 104 - 107$ .

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{209}{Bi} ({}^{56}{Fe}, X)$ , $E = 464$ MeV; measured $σ$ for discrete $Z$ and $A$ for Fe-like fragments; deduced primary and final yields for $Z = 90 - 100$ partners with SF half-lives in ms-to-s range.

Bombarding-energy dependence of the ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{136}{Xe}$ reaction

W. W. Wilcke, J. R. Birkelund, A. D. Hoover, J. R. Huizenga, W. U. Schröder, V. E. Viola, Jr., K. L. Wolf, and A. C. Mignerey

Phys. Rev. C 22, 128 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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A previous study of the strongly damped reaction ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{136}{Xe}$ at 1130 MeV has been extended to the lower bombarding energy of 940 MeV. With the same experimental technique, angular, energy, and atomic charge distributions and their correlations have been measured. The angular distribution of the reaction products is sideways peaked, but less strongly focused than at the higher bombarding energy. The energy spectrum extends far below the Coulomb energy calculated for touching spherical ions, indicating large deformations of the final fragments. The charge distributions are Gaussians approximately centered around the initial fragmentation. Examination of the correlations between experimental observables confirms that the energy-loss parameter is the most suitable quantity to describe the time evolution of the reaction. The relationship between energy loss and the width of the charge distribution is studied to gain information on the contribution of the nucleon exchange process to the total dissipated energy. The bombarding-energy dependence of this relationship suggests that the Pauli blocking of occupied single particle levels is an important effect, leading to a smaller dispersion of the fragment $Z$ distribution for a given energy loss than expected from a classical theory. A quantitative analysis establishes the nucleon exchange as the dominant mechanism for the dissipation of kinetic energy. With the aid of a phenomenological model, a decomposition of the reaction cross section in partial waves is performed. Classical trajectory calculations assuming spherical ions are compared to an empirically determined deflection function, energy loss, and interaction times. These calculations do not provide a consistent description of the experimental results, since the energy loss is systematically underestimated. From the interaction times and widths of the charge distributions, an angular momentum dependent proton number diffusion coefficient $D_{Z} (l)$ is derived, which shows a pronounced saturation behavior for angular momenta less than $\frac{2}{3}$ of the grazing angular momentum. The total probability for sequential fission of the targetlike fragment is determined to be 30% for all inelastic events. A simple model is presented which allows calculation of this probability on the basis of known fission properties of heavy elements.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{136}{Xe}$ , $E_{lab} = 940$ MeV; measured $σ (θ, E, Z)$ ; strongly damped reaction; deduced correlations, interaction times, transport coefficients; comparison to trajectory calculations; yield of sequential fission.

Energy dependence of the real part of ion-ion interaction potential

B. Behera, K. C. Panda, and R. K. Satpathy

Phys. Rev. C 22, 148 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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A simple derivation for the energy dependence of the real part of ion-ion interaction potential is given in the framework of Brueckner's energy density formalism. This is based on the decreasing effect of antisymmetrization on the kinetic energy densities of the two ions which is studied in a Fermi gas model and tends to make the ion-ion potential more and more attractive with increasing relative energy $E_{c . m .}$ . On the other hand, the linear dependences of the kinetic energy densities and the momentum densities on $E_{c . m .}$ , through the effective mass term in the energy density, introduce a repulsion which increases directly as the relative energy. At low values of $E_{c . m .}$ the first effect dominates over the second one, thereby making the ion-ion potential more and more attractive. However, at relatively high energies, the repulsion caused by the second effect dominates completely and makes the potential less and less attractive.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Antisymmetrization effects, Fermi gas model, momentum density, effective mass term, energy dependence of ion-ion interaction potential.

Mass distributions in monoenergetic-neutron-induced fission of ${}^{232}{Th}$

L. E. Glendenin, J. E. Gindler, I. Ahmad, D. J. Henderson, and J. W. Meadows

Phys. Rev. C 22, 152 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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Fission product yields for 38 masses were determined for the fission of ${}^{232}{Th}$ with essentially monoenergetic neutrons of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.9, 6.4, 6.9, 7.6, and 8.0 MeV. Fission product activities were measured by Ge(Li) $γ$ -ray spectrometry of irradiated ${}^{232}{Th}$ foils and by chemical separation of the fission product elements followed by $β$ counting. The mass yield data for ${}^{232}{Th} (n, f)$ show a sensitive increase of fission yields in the near-symmetric mass region (valley) with increasing incident neutron energy $E_{n}$ and a pronounced dip in yield at the onset of second-chance fission just above the neutron binding energy (at ∼ 6 MeV) where the excitation energy is lowered by competition with neutron evaporation prior to fission. The effect of second-chance fission is also seen in the yields of asymmetric peak products. A distinct third peak is observed at symmetry in the valley of the mass distribution, and enhanced yields are observed in the asymmetric peaks at masses associated with even $Z$ (proton pairing effect). The fission yields of ${}^{232}{Th} (n, f)$ are compared with those of ${}^{238}U (n, f)$ and ${}^{232}{Th} (n, f)$ .

NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION ${}^{232}{Th} (n, f)$ $E_{n} = 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.9, 6.4, 6.9, 7.6, and 8.0$ MeV; measured mass yields.

Model for off-shell form factors and application to $NN$ scattering

R. A. Bryan, C. A. Dominguez, and B. J. VerWest

Phys. Rev. C 22, 160 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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A model is presented which describes any hadronic form factor with one, two, or three particles off shell. The model is based on the salient most successful features of the dual and Regge models, and its unitarization can be achieved in a straightforward manner. Some of the effects of taking the nucleons off shell in the $π NN$ vertex are discussed. Finally, it is argued that this form factor together with a $π + 2 π + ω$ dispersion-theoretical nucleon-nucleon model can explain the long standing puzzle of the triplet $D$ -wave phase shifts.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Baryon boson form factor, nucleon nucleon scattering, 0-400 MeV $NN$ phase shifts.

Cross-section measurements of nuclides formed by the reaction of 0.20-6.0 GeV protons with ${}^{197}{Au}$

S. B. Kaufman and E. P. Steinberg

Phys. Rev. C 22, 167 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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Cross sections of a number of radioactive products formed by the reaction of protons with ${}^{197}{Au}$ have been measured at bombarding energies of 0.20, 0.49, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 GeV. The excitation functions for specific nuclides exhibit several different types of behavior which are characteristic of the reaction mechanisms involved. Spallation products have excitation functions which rise rapidly above an energetic threshold, go through a maximum, and then decrease again, finally approaching a constant cross section at the highest energies. The excitation functions of light nuclides do not exhibit such a peak, but increase monotonically to the asymptotic high-energy limit. Mass-yield distributions are derived from the data, and are compared with the results of intranuclear cascade-evaporation calculations. Comparison of the massyield distribution for protons with those for incident pions shows that the rest energy of the pion is as effective in transferring excitation energy to the target as the same amount of kinetic energy.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{197}{Au} (p, x)$ ${}^{24}{Na}$ - ${}^{196}{Au}$ , $E_{p} = 0.20 - 6.0$ GeV; measured $σ$ ; derived mass-yield distributions.

Mass of ${}^{24}{Si}$

R. E. Tribble, D. M. Tanner, and A. F. Zeller

Phys. Rev. C 22, 17 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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The ${}^{28}{Si}$ ( ${}^{4}{He}$ , ${}^{8}{He}$ ) ${}^{24}{Si}$ reaction has been used to determine the mass of ${}^{24}{Si}$ . The reaction $Q$ value and mass excess were found to be -61.433±0.021 and 10.782±0.022 MeV, respectively. The ${}^{24}{Si}$ mass completes the fifth member of the $A = 24$ isobaric quintet. The quintet members are in good agreement with the quadratic isobaric multiplet mass equation.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{28}{Si}$ ( ${}^{4}{He}$ , ${}^{8}{He}$ ) ${}^{24}{Si}$ . Measured ${}^{24}{Si}$ mass. Deduced coefficients of the isobaric multiplet mass equation for the $A = 24$ quintet.

Correlations between slow and fast fragments in relativistic nuclear collisions

W. G. Meyer, H. H. Gutbrod, Ch. Lukner, and A. Sandoval

Phys. Rev. C 22, 179 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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Heavy low-energy fragments with $Z \geq 4$ have been measured in relativistic nuclear collisions, using a large area ionization chamber telescope. For all events, correlated slow fragments were looked for in five solid state counters and correlated fragments ( $E > 25$ MeV/u) were measured in 80 scintillators coupled to photomultipliers. Fragment spectra were taken in the energy range of 5-150 MeV $E_{tot}$ . $p_{∥}$ was extracted for fissionlike events. Other nonbinary fragments showed an in-plane correlation with fast charged particles. Lighter particles ( $4 \leq Z \leq 12$ ) were found to be associated with a high charged-particle multiplicity. Conflicts with previous views on high-energy proton-nucleus data are pointed out and a qualitative comparison to hydrodynamical effects is tried.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $U (p, H F)$ 1.05 GeV; $U (p, H F)$ , $Au (p, H F)$ 2.1 GeV; $U ({}^{4}{He}, X)$ , $Au ({}^{4}{He}, X)$ 400 MeV/u, 1.05 GeV/u; $Ag ({}^{4}{He}, X)$ 1.05 GeV/u; $U ({}^{20}{Ne}, X)$ , $Au ({}^{20}{Ne}, X)$ , $Ag ({}^{20}{Ne}, X)$ 400 MeV/u. Measured: $σ (E, θ)$ , associated charged-particle multiplicity $M (X, θ, φ)$ ; $\frac{d^{2} Ω}{d Ω_{1} d Ω_{2}}$ ; $X = Be to Mg$ , $12 < Z <~ 26$ , $Z > 26$ ; Fission fragments.

Analytical theory of pion single and double charge exchange in resonance region. I. Geometrical limit

Mikkel B. Johnson

Phys. Rev. C 22, 192 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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We derive analytical formulas for angular distributions $σ (θ)$ of pion single and double charge exchange to analog states. The result is based on the eikonal approximation and assumes that the interactions are invariant under isospin rotations. The theory reproduces semiquantitatively the results of exact coupled channel, lowest order optical model calculations and explicates the dependence of $σ (θ)$ on the structure of the nuclear target. The $σ (θ)$ for single charge exchange is proportional to the square of the ratio of the valence neutron density $Δ ρ (R)$ to the total density $ρ (\bar{R})$ . The theory predicts $\bar{R}$ as a function of energy and mass number $A$ ; for pion kinetic energy $T_{π} ≃ 180$ MeV, $ρ (\bar{R}) ≃ 0.1 - 0.2$ of central density. The $σ (θ)$ for double charge exchange is proportional to ${[\frac{Δ ρ (\bar{R})}{ρ (\bar{R})}]}^{4}$ . The strong dependence of $σ (θ)$ on $\frac{Δ ρ}{ρ}$ suggests that the single and double charge exchange reactions may develop into a sensitive probe of the neutron halo. The dependence of $σ (θ)$ on the diffuseness of $ρ$ and $Δ ρ$ is also evaluated. Assuming that the neutron and proton densities are proportional, the relative $A$ dependence of $σ (θ)$ for single and double charge exchange is calculated. The result is in qualitative agreement with recent measurements for single charge exchange and predicts that a similar set of measurements for double charge exchange may be feasible. Realistic densities are used to calculate the magnitude of $σ (θ)$ . Large enhancements are found in this case, but $σ (θ)$ falls below the preliminary data by as much as a factor of 4. Difficulties in reproducing the observed angular distribution of the ${}^{18}O (π^{+}, π^{-}) {}^{18}{Ne}$ reaction are similar to those of other theories. The extent of discrepancy suggests the occurrence of strong modifications of the pion-nucleon interaction in the nuclear medium.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Pion single and double charge exchange; analytical formulas for angular distributions.

Fireball model for baryonic inclusive spectra in particle-nucleus and nuclei-nucleus collisions at high energy

I. G. Bogatskaya, C. B. Chiu, M. I. Gorenstein, and G. M. Zinovjev

Phys. Rev. C 22, 209 (1980) - Published 1 July, 1980

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Based on the general framework of the fireball model, we analyze the observed momentum spectra of protons and light nuclei produced in high-energy particle-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. We demonstrate that the data including the well-known phenomena of cumulative effect can be naturally accounted for within this approach, and that there is strong evidence for the existence of the baryonic fireball having a temperature of ∼ 50 MeV. We also present our qualitative picture of the baryonic spectra at high energies and consider a thermodynamic description of highly excited nuclear matter in the context of analyzing the relative yield of the light fragments in heavy ion collisions.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Fireball model for inclusive momentum spectra in photonuclear, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions. Cumulative phenomena accounted for. Evidence for baryonic fireball with temperature about 50 MeV. Thermodynamic description for highly excited nuclear matter.

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Physical Review C

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Electron scattering from excited states of ${}^{18}O$ above 10 MeV

Elastic and inelastic scattering of ${}^{6}{Li}$ at about 74 MeV and the folding model

Compressibility and the monopole collective field

Example of a breakdown of the random phase approximation for calculating polarization charges

${}^{204}{Pb} (n, n^{'} γ) {}^{204}{Pb}$ reaction

Three-dimensional charge dispersion curves from interactions of 11-29 GeV protons with uranium

Band crossing in the interacting boson model

Multistep compound cross section from Markovian processes

${}^{16}O$ + ${}^{12}C$ resonances within the strong absorption region for $E_{c . m .} > 23$ MeV

Rapid energy equilibration and emission of H and He in the reaction of 340-MeV ${}^{40}{Ar}$ with ${}^{197}{Au}$

Possible production of actinide spontaneous fission activities in damped collisions of ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{56}{Fe}$

Bombarding-energy dependence of the ${}^{209}{Bi}$ + ${}^{136}{Xe}$ reaction

Energy dependence of the real part of ion-ion interaction potential

Mass distributions in monoenergetic-neutron-induced fission of ${}^{232}{Th}$

Model for off-shell form factors and application to $NN$ scattering

Cross-section measurements of nuclides formed by the reaction of 0.20-6.0 GeV protons with ${}^{197}{Au}$

Mass of ${}^{24}{Si}$

Correlations between slow and fast fragments in relativistic nuclear collisions

Analytical theory of pion single and double charge exchange in resonance region. I. Geometrical limit

Fireball model for baryonic inclusive spectra in particle-nucleus and nuclei-nucleus collisions at high energy

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