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Parameter scaling test of a dynamic nucleus-nucleus collision theory

Brunon Sikora, Jens Bisplinghoff, Marshall Blann, Wolfgang Scobel, Martin Beckerman, Franz Plasil, Robert L. Ferguson, John Birkelund, and Winfried Wilcke

Phys. Rev. C 25, 686(R) (1982) - Published 1 January, 1982

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A new dynamic nucleus-nucleus interaction model due to Swiatecki is used to predict fusion excitation functions resulting from ${}^{35}{Cl}$ bombardments of ${}^{62}{Ni}$ , ${}^{116}{Sn}$ , and ${}^{141}\Pr$ . Agreement supports the universal scaling parameter concept of the new model.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{35}{Cl}$ + ${}^{62}{Ni}$ , ${}^{116}{Sn}$ , ${}^{141}\Pr$ $ε_{LAB} = 155 - 300$ MeV. Measured evaporation residue and fissionlike cross sections. Compare with Swiatecki's dynamic fusion model.

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Heavy-ion transfer reactions as a unique probe of quantal many-body systems

M. W. Guidry and T. L. Nichols

Phys. Rev. C 25, 689(R) (1982) - Published 1 January, 1982

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We argue that important aspects of quantal many-body behavior may be uniquely studied via transfer reactions with very heavy ions which populate strongly collective states. As an example, we explore using two-particle transfer to test the effect of collective angular momentum on pairing correlations in heavy nuclei.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Use of transfer reactions with very heavy ions to probe nuclear structure.

Higher order effects on the magnetic form factor of ${}^{17}O$

R. J. McCarthy and J. P. Vary

Phys. Rev. C 25, 73 (1982) - Published 1 January, 1982

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We obtain the magnetic form factor of ${}^{17}O$ in a microscopic effective operator approach which includes self-consistency effects, first order core polarization, and second order number conserving sets of effective operator diagrams. The self-consistency effects yield a reduction in the cross section ranging from 10% to 20% through the region of experimental data. Core polarization reduces the $M 3$ contribution by a factor of 2 as compared to a factor of 3 reduction obtained by Arima, Horikawa, Hyuga, and Suzuki. In addition, we find the core polarization yields a slight $M 1$ enhancement at its peak and a substantial $M 5$ reduction so that the overall agreement with experiment is poor. We then explore second order core polarization effects and evaluate the two number conserving sets of diagrams. Their contributions are non-negligible but fail to resolve the discrepancy between theory and experiment. We also include an exchange current amplitude. The lack of agreement between theory and experiment invites theoretical attention to additional corrections and to phenomena which may enhance magnetic scattering.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{17}O$ ( $e$ , $e$ ); magnetic form factor, theory including higher order effects. Effective operator within self-consistent framework.

Degree of nonlocality of various exchange contributions to the nucleus-nucleus potential

W. Timm, H. R. Fiebig, and H. Friedrich

Phys. Rev. C 25, 79 (1982) - Published 1 January, 1982

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The degree of nonlocality introduced into the nucleus-nucleus interaction by the requirements of the Pauli principle is discussed on the basis of the properly orthogonalized equation of relative motion of the two nuclei, which is an equation for physical wave functions with a direct probability interpretation. Exact calculations of the kinetic energy exchange potential, the Coulomb exchange potential, and the pure nuclear exchange potential are performed for the $α - α$ system. Even in this simple example, a variety of very different structures can be obtained for the nuclear exchange potential, depending on which nucleon-nucleon interaction is chosen.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Scattering theory, $α - α$ calculated exact renormalized resonating group potentials, nonlocality functions for kinetic, Coulomb, and nuclear contributions.

Neutron capture in the giant resonance region of ${}^{15}N$

S. A. Wender, H. R. Weller, N. R. Roberson, D. R. Tilley, and R. G. Seyler

Phys. Rev. C 25, 89 (1982) - Published 1 January, 1982

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The ${}^{14}N$ ( $n$ , $γ_{0}$ ) ${}^{15}N$ reaction has been studied over a neutron energy range of 5.6 MeV to 13 MeV. Data include a 90° excitation function measured in 200 keV steps, and seven angular distributions. The angular distribution data show good agreement with the results of a phenomenological direct semidirect model calculation. No non- $E 1$ radiation is required to account for these data. The cross section as a function of energy is similar to the ${}^{14}N$ ( $p$ , $γ_{0}$ ) ${}^{15}O$ reaction and different from the ${}^{14}C$ ( $p$ , $γ_{0}$ ) ${}^{15}N$ reaction. These differences can be understood in terms of the different isospin states allowed in each reaction.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{14}N$ ( $n$ , $γ_{0}$ ) ${}^{15}N$ , measured $σ (E, θ)$ from $E_{n} = 5.6 - 13.0$ MeV, DSD model calculations, results compared to ${}^{14}C$ ( $p$ , $γ_{0}$ ) ${}^{15}N$ and ${}^{14}N$ ( $p$ , $γ_{0}$ ) ${}^{15}0$ .

Reaction mechanism for ( $p$ , $t$ ) and (( $p$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ) reactions on ${}^{13}C$

S. Kato, K. Okada, M. Kondo, K. Hosono, T. Saito, N. Matsuoka, T. Noro, S. Nagamachi, H. Shimizu, K. Ogino, Y. Kadota, and M. Nomura

Phys. Rev. C 25, 97 (1982) - Published 1 January, 1982

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Differential cross sections and analyzing powers of the ${}^{13}C$ ( $p$ , $t$ ) ${}^{11}C$ and ${}^{13}C$ ( $p$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ) ${}^{11}B$ reactions to the ground and the first excited states were measured at $E_{p} = 65$ MeV. They were analyzed by means of distorted-wave Born approximation calculations including both one- and two-step processes of $p - d - t$ or - ${}^{3}{He}$ . Attention was paid to an isospin symmetry of the reaction process consisting of both isospin 0 and 1 channels, which were important in a comparable order. As intermediate states of ${}^{12}C$ in the sequential process, five states of either isospin 0 or 1, which were strongly excited by the ${}^{13}C$ ( $p$ , $d$ ) ${}^{12}C$ reaction, were taken into account. A good fit between the data and the theoretical values was obtained, especially for the ( $p$ , $t$ ) reactions, concerning both differential cross sections and analyzing powers. The calculations including one-step and sequential processes induced, in some cases, remarkable differences from the one-step calculation for backward angles.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{13}C$ ( $p$ , $t$ ) ${}^{11}C$ , ${}^{13}C$ ( $p$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ) ${}^{11}B$ , $E = 65$ MeV; measured $σ (θ)$ and analyzing powers for 4 transitions. One-step and sequential processes DWBA analysis.

Ghost anomaly in ${}^{8}{Be}$ studied with ${}^{9}{Be}$ ( $p$ , $d$ ) at $E_{p} = 14.3 and 26.2$ MeV

F. D. Becchetti, C. A. Fields, R. S. Raymond, H. C. Bhang, and D. Overway

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2401 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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The anomalous feature in ${}^{8}{Be}$ reported at $E_{x} \approx 0.6$ MeV has been investigated using ${}^{9}{Be}$ ( $p$ , $d$ ) ${}^{8}{Be}$ at 14.3 and 26.2 MeV bombarding energy. Analyses of the spectral shape and transfer cross sections as a function of scattering angle are consistent with this feature being part of the $J^{π} = 0^{+}$ ${}^{8}{Beg}$ .s. Approximately 6% of the g.s. transfer strength is contained in the anomaly. Also, the line width observed for the $J^{π} = 2^{+}$ level ( $E_{x} = 2.94$ MeV) appears to be independent of bombarding energy for $E_{p} = 14 to 180$ MeV.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{9}{Be}$ ( $p$ , $d$ ) ${}^{8}{Be}$ , $E_{p} = 14.3 and 26.2$ MeV; measured $σ (E_{x}, θ)$ , $E_{x} = 0, 0.6, 2.94, and 11.4$ MeV; deduced $Γ$ , $γ^{2}$ and $S_{n}$ ; inferred properties of ghost anomaly at $E_{x} \approx 0.6$ MeV; FRDW analysis; $Δ E - E$ counter telescope and magnetic spectrometer.

Cluster expansion, multichannel scattering, and the optical potential

D. Eyre, T. A. Osborn, and J. P. Svenne

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2409 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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This paper investigates approximate solutions for the few-body multichannel reaction problem. In the context of the three-body scattering problem, we extend the cluster expansion formalism that is based on the Karlsson-Zeiger integral equations. The decoupling scheme developed by Bollé and Kuzmichev is modified to extract the elastic channel optical potential. The utility and rate of convergence of the cluster expansion is tested in a model three-boson problem. The interactions for the model problem are chosen to include elastic, inelastic, and rearrangement channels. It is found that only a few terms of the cluster expansion are needed to reproduce the exact three-body solutions and that cusp singularity effects which appear in the phase shift at channel thresholds are accounted for accurately.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Three-body problem. Cluster representations. Optical potential. Threshold singularities. Approximation methods.

Cross section and vector analyzing power $i T_{11}$ of the processes ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $d$ ) ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) ${}^{4}{He}$ between 15 and 40 MeV

R. Roy, F. Seiler, H. E. Conzett, and F. N. Rad

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2421 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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Differential cross sections $σ_{0} (θ)$ and angular distributions of the vector analyzing power $i T_{11} (θ)$ have been measured for the processes ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $d$ ) ${}^{3}{He}$ and ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) ${}^{4}{He}$ from 15 to 40 MeV in intervals of 5 MeV. Data were obtained typically at 25 to 35 angles. In both reactions the angular distributions of the observables, expanded in terms of Legendre polynomials, clearly show structure near 20 and 35 MeV. In addition, an optical model fit to the elastic scattering data was used in an attempt at a distorted-wave Born approximation analysis of the reaction data.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $d$ ) ${}^{3}{He}$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) ${}^{4}{He}$ , $E_{d} = 14.6 to 39.9$ MeV measured vector analyzing power $i T_{11} (E_{d}, θ)$ and cross section $σ_{0} (E_{d}, θ)$ . Optical model and DWBA analysis.

Implications of forward photodisintegration for the deuteron $D$ state and the $N - N$ interaction

M. E. Schulze, D. P. Saylor, and R. Goloskie

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2435 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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It is shown that the data on forward photodisintegration is consistent with the value of 0.0203±0.0006 ${fm}^{- ½}$ for the asymptotic $D$ state amplitude and a value of the pion-nucleon coupling constant of 0.075±0.004, where the latter is in good agreement with other determinations. This value of $A_{d}$ is consistent with a value suggested by nucleon-nucleon scattering data but apparently inconsistent with the traditional value derived from fitting the measured quadrupole moment.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $d (γ, p) n$ data compared with model predictions. Deduced deuteron $D$ -state wave function at large $r$ .

Parameters of the 9.17 MeV level in ${}^{14}N$

W. Biesiot and Ph. B. Smith

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2443 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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Mutually consistent measurements of elastic proton scattering and resonance absorption show that the width of the 9.17 MeV level in ${}^{14}N$ ( $Γ = 135 \pm 8$ eV) is almost twice as large as the accepted literature value. The positive parity is unambiguously confirmed. The excitation energy is determined to be 9172.5±0.3 keV, based upon a cascade-crossover technique with a ${}^{56}{Co}$ source for calibration. The expected azimuthal asymmetry of the resonance fluorescence of the plane-polarized photons at this resonance is demonstrated quantitatively.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{13}C$ ( $p$ , $γ$ ) ${}^{14}N$ , ${}^{13}C$ ( $p$ , $p$ ) ${}^{13}C$ , ${}^{14}N$ res. abs., ${}^{14}N$ res. fluor., $E = 1.75$ MeV; measured $σ (E, E_{p}, θ)$ . ${}^{14}N$ deduced levels $J$ , $π$ , $Γ$ , levels. Enriched target.

Scattering of 14.7 MeV neutrons from ${}^{12}C$ and evidence for a new reaction channel

K. Gul, M. Anwar, M. Ahmad, S. M. Saleem, and Naeem A. Khan

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2458 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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Measurements of neutron scattering from carbon have been carried out for 14.7 MeV neutrons using associated particle and time-of-flight techniques. Angular distributions for the ground state, 4.43, and 7.65 MeV states have been measured in the laboratory angular range 30-130° and for the 9.63 MeV state in the range 30-70°. Double differential scattering cross sections have been obtained in the energy range 3-14 MeV. Monte Carlo simulation has been used to correct for multiple scattering including scattered flux attenuation. The integrated cross sections for 4.43 and 7.65 MeV states have been obtained as 214±8 and 9.3±1.6 mb, respectively. The present data have been compared with the published data. Evidence for a ${}^{12}C$ ( $n$ , $α$ ) ${}^{9}{Be}$ reaction populating the 6.76 MeV state and subsequently decaying by emission of a neutron has been observed for the first time. The presence of a neutron group of 5.6 MeV energy at backward angles has been discussed.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C$ ( $n$ , $n$ ), ${}^{12}C$ ( $n$ , $n^{'}$ ), ${}^{12}C$ ( $n$ , $α n$ ), $E = 14.7$ MeV; measured $σ (E, θ)$ , double differential scattering cross sections, integrated cross sections, natural target.

Nuclear structure approach to the Coulomb correction of the imaginary nucleon-nucleus optical potential

F. Osterfeld and V. A. Madsen

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2468 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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The imaginary optical potentials for proton and neutron scattering have been calculated for ${}^{40}{Ca}$ using random phase approximation transition densities to describe intermediate states. Both inelastic and charge-exchange intermediate states are considered. The protons propagate in a nuclear-plus-Coulomb potential, and Coulomb excitation is included both for direct and exchange terms in the scattering amplitudes. Differences in the calculated neutron and proton optical potentials due to Coulomb excitation and isospin impurity of the random phase approximation states are found to be small. The expected exclusion of high-lying intermediate states by the Coulomb potential is present but it is compensated by a larger proton wave function in positive kinetic energy regions and by a more favorable local equivalent potential for protons.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ( $p$ , $p$ ) and ( $n$ , $n$ ) scattering: calculated imaginary optical potentials for ${}^{40}{Ca}$ .

${}^{92, 94, 97, 98}{Mo}$ ( $t$ , $p$ ) reactions at $E_{t} = 17$ MeV

E. R. Flynn, F. Ajzenberg-Selove, Ronald E. Brown, J. A. Cizewski, and J. W. Sunier

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2475 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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A systematic study of the molybdenum isotopes has been carried out by using the ( $t$ , $p$ ) reaction with a 17-MeV incident triton beam. Energy levels up to excitation energies of 5.1, 4.7, 2.1, and 3.8 MeV in the isotopes $A = 94, 96, 99, and 100$ , respectively, were studied, and numerous spin assignments were made. Of particular interest is the trend of ground state and excited $0^{+}$ state transition strengths, which suggest a rapidly changing structure of the molybdenum ground states as a function of neutron number. The interacting boson approximation model is able to reproduce these trends only with the introduction of configuration mixing.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{92, 94, 97, 98}{Mo}$ ( $t$ , $p$ ) measured $σ (θ)$ DWBA analysis.

Experimental determination of the proton escape width in the giant dipole resonance of ${}^{89}Y$

E. Van Camp, R. Van de Vyver, E. Kerkhove, D. Ryckbosch, H. Ferdinande, P. Van Otten, and P. Berkvens

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2499 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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The ${}^{89}Y$ ( $γ$ , $p$ ) ${}^{88}{Sr}$ reaction was studied at various bremsstrahlung end point energies in the giant dipole resonance region. Using an artificially constructed pseudomonoenergetic photon spectrum, it was possible to determine the absolute cross sections for various photoproton reaction channels. From the direct decay cross sections the proton escape width $Γ_{p}^{↑}$ of the $T_{<}$ giant dipole resonance was derived; its value amounts to 0.30-0.35 MeV. The nondirect contribution equals about 25% of the total energy-integrated photoproton cross section.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{89}Y$ ( $γ$ , $p$ ), $E = 14 - 24$ MeV; measured $σ (E)$ absolutely. Deduced $Γ_{p}^{↑}$ . Natural target.

Complete fusion of ${}^{19}F$ with Al and Si isotopes

M. S. Chiou, M. W. Wu, N. Easwar, and J. V. Maher

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2507 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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Complete fusion cross sections have been determined by directly detecting evaporation residuals for the systems ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{27}{Al}$ and ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{28, 30}{Si}$ over a ${}^{19}F$ laboratory energy range 34-75 MeV. In all cases $σ_{fus}$ increases smoothly with energy and eventually saturates at 1200-1250 mb. In the barrier penetration region the cross section for ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{28}{Si}$ is always sufficiently smaller than that for ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{30}{Si}$ to make the reduced barrier radius in a Glas-Mosel parametrization significantly smaller for the former system than for the latter. Three entrance channels are now available for the fused-system ${}^{46}{Ti}$ : Critical angular momentum data from the ${}^{16}O$ + ${}^{30}{Si}$ entrance channel approach the statistical yrast line at much lower fused-system excitation energy than do the data from the entrance channels ${}^{18}O$ + ${}^{28}{Si}$ and ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{27}{Al}$ .

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Measured complete fusion cross sections for the systems ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{27}{Al}$ , ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{28}{Si}$ , ${}^{19}F$ + ${}^{30}{Si}$ ; $E = 34 - 75$ MeV. Deduced Glas-Mosel model and statistical yrast model parameters.

Entropy production in high energy collisions

G. Bertsch and J. Cugnon

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2514 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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The entropy production in high-energy collisions is computed in a Monte Carlo cascade model. For collisions of ${}^{40}{Ca}$ on ${}^{40}{Ca}$ at 800 MeV/nucleon beam energy, the computed entropy is 4.4 per particle, about a unit higher than estimated from bulk dynamics. The particle correlation function of the final state is also computed, and is found to be in reasonable accord with a thermal distribution of the same entropy. With such low entropy values, most of the particles emerge in clusters, contrary to experiment. Thus the cascade calculation supports the conclusion of Siemens and Kapusta, that additional degrees of freedom become accessible in heavy ion collisions, beyond those in a conventional nuclear description.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{40}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{40}{Ca}$ , light composites), $E = 800$ MeV/nucleon; calculated entropy, deuteron production, final state clustering.

Prompt emission of nucleon jets in time-dependent Hartree-Fock collisions

K. R. S. Devi, M. R. Strayer, K. T. R. Davies, S. E. Koonin, and A. K. Dhar

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2521 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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The prompt emission of fact nucleon jets is calculated in the time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation for ${}^{16}O$ + ${}^{93}{Nb}$ collisions at $E_{lab} = 204$ MeV. The emission time is independent of the entrance channel angular momentum and is approximately equal to the time needed for projectile nucleons to traverse the target without interacting. The mean laboratory velocity, scattering angle, and particle number of the jet are calculated and interpreted in terms of a zero temperature Fermi gas model. The neutron multiplicity in the jet in coincidence with deep inelastic scattering is found to be consistent with recent experimental measurements.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{16}O$ + ${}^{93}{Nb}$ at $E_{Lab} = 204$ MeV in the time dependent Hartree-Fock approximation. Single nucleon emission with fusion and deep inelastic scattering.

Proton and neutron flow in quasielastic and deep-inelastic heavy ion collisions

D. H. E. Gross and K. M. Hartmann

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2526 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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A statistical independent particle model is presented for neutron and proton exchange between heavy ions undergoing deep-inelastic collisions in which the potential energy surface of the combined projectile-target system and the tunneling of nucleons through the single particle potential barrier formed between projectile and target play the essential role. The model thus combines statistical and quantal fluctuations on the same footing. The two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation satisfied by the neutron and proton distribution is solved by moment expansion up to the second moments. The dynamics of the reaction is included by coupling the Fokker-Planck equation to the Newton equation with friction. A detailed comparison is made with several recent experimental results and a number of persistent deviations from the data are discussed.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Quasielastic and deep-inelastic HI collisions. Calculated neutron and proton distributions. Microscopic theory for drift and diffusion coefficients. Analyzed several reactions.

Viscous heating of expanding fireballs

J. Kapusta

Phys. Rev. C 24, 2545 (1981) - Published 1 December, 1981

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The effect of a finite mean free path on the expansion stage of central collisions between heavy nuclei is studied in a nonrelativistic fluid dynamical approach. A gas of point particles with localized interactions is used. Kinetic theory then provides the thermal conductivity and viscosity coefficients in terms of the nucleon-nucleon cross section. About 10% additional entropy is generated during the expansion stage of central collisions at a beam energy of 800 MeV/A due to viscous heating of the system. Surprisingly there is only a weak dependence on the mass of the colliding nuclei. These results are in substantial agreement with recent intranuclear cascade calculations, although at present the fluid dynamical results are slightly ambiguous due to an uncertainty in the breakup criterion.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Expansion stage of central collisions between medium energy nuclei, imperfect fluid dynamics, entropy generation, mass dependence, breakup criteria, tentative comparison with intranuclear cascade.

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Parameter scaling test of a dynamic nucleus-nucleus collision theory

Heavy-ion transfer reactions as a unique probe of quantal many-body systems

Higher order effects on the magnetic form factor of ${}^{17}O$

Degree of nonlocality of various exchange contributions to the nucleus-nucleus potential

Neutron capture in the giant resonance region of ${}^{15}N$

Reaction mechanism for ( $p$ , $t$ ) and (( $p$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ) reactions on ${}^{13}C$

Ghost anomaly in ${}^{8}{Be}$ studied with ${}^{9}{Be}$ ( $p$ , $d$ ) at $E_{p} = 14.3 and 26.2$ MeV

Cluster expansion, multichannel scattering, and the optical potential

Cross section and vector analyzing power $i T_{11}$ of the processes ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $d$ ) ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $\vec{d}$ , $p$ ) ${}^{4}{He}$ between 15 and 40 MeV

Implications of forward photodisintegration for the deuteron $D$ state and the $N - N$ interaction

Parameters of the 9.17 MeV level in ${}^{14}N$

Scattering of 14.7 MeV neutrons from ${}^{12}C$ and evidence for a new reaction channel

Nuclear structure approach to the Coulomb correction of the imaginary nucleon-nucleus optical potential

${}^{92, 94, 97, 98}{Mo}$ ( $t$ , $p$ ) reactions at $E_{t} = 17$ MeV

Experimental determination of the proton escape width in the giant dipole resonance of ${}^{89}Y$

Complete fusion of ${}^{19}F$ with Al and Si isotopes

Entropy production in high energy collisions

Prompt emission of nucleon jets in time-dependent Hartree-Fock collisions

Proton and neutron flow in quasielastic and deep-inelastic heavy ion collisions

Viscous heating of expanding fireballs

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