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Pion single charge exchange scattering from ${}^{3}{He}$ at 285, 428, and 525 MeV

J. Källne, R. Altemus, P. C. Gugelot, J. S. McCarthy, R. C. Minehart, L. Orphanos, P. A. M. Gram, B. Höistad, C. L. Morris, E. A. Wadlinger, and C. F. Perdrisat

Phys. Rev. C 25, 1098(R) (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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We have measured the cross section of ${}^{3}{He}$ ( $π^{-}$ , $π^{0}$ ) ${}^{3}H$ at $T = 285, 428, and 525$ MeV for angles in the range of $60 ° ≲ θ ≲ 135 °$ covering the momentum transfer range $0.5 ≲ q ≲ 1.0$ GeV/c. Comparison is made with Glauber model calculations to discuss the sensitivity to nuclear structure and pion-nucleus interaction effects.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $π^{-} + {}^{3}{He} \to {}^{3}H + π^{0}$ , $T = 285, 428, and 525$ MeV, $θ_{π^{0}} \approx 70 - 140 °$ ; measured $σ (θ_{t}, T_{π})$ . Analysis based on optical and Glauber model predictions.

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Pions produced near the center-of-mass velocity in heavy-ion collisions

K. A. Frankel, J. A. Bistirlich, R. Bossingham, H. R. Bowman, K. M. Crowe, C. J. Martoff, D. Murphy, J. O. Rasmussen, J. P. Sullivan, W. A. Zajc, J. P. Miller, O. Hashimoto, M. Koike, J. Peter, W. Benenson, G. M. Crawley, E. Kashy, J. A. Nolen, Jr., and J. Quebert

Phys. Rev. C 25, 1102(R) (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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The cross section for producing $π^{+}$ and $π^{-}$ at velocities close to that of the center of mass was studied for the ${}^{40}{Ar}$ + ${}^{40}{Ca}$ reaction at $\frac{E}{A} = 1.05$ GeV. The $π^{+}$ and $π^{-}$ data show a flat plateau around $y_{c . m .} = 0$ . The $\frac{π^{-}}{π^{+}}$ ratio of 1.5 ±0.2 is much lower than published theoretical predictions. Data were also obtained for carbon and uranium targets.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS C( ${}^{40}{Ar}$ , $π^{\pm}$ )Ca( ${}^{40}{Ar}$ , $π^{\pm}$ ), U( ${}^{40}{Ar}$ , $π^{\pm}$ ); $\frac{E}{A} = 1050$ MeV; measured $σ (E, θ)$ .

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Isobars and isobaric analog states

P. A. Deutchman and L. W. Townsend

Phys. Rev. C 25, 1105(R) (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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A formalism for the coherent production of isobars in the periphery of a relativistic heavy ion projectile is generalized to include isobaric spin so that concomitant excitations of the target to isobar analog giant resonances may be realized. The effects of the finite isobar decay width on the total cross section is investigated.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Relativistic, HI reaction theory, coherent isobar production and IAS.

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Test of tetrahedral symmetry in the ${}^{16}O$ nucleus

D. Robson

Phys. Rev. C 25, 1108(R) (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Using a model based on tetrahedral symmetry a $J^{π} = 3^{-}$ level is predicted to exist at 9.90 ± 0.07 MeV in the nucleus ${}^{16}O$ . The new level is expected to be quite narrow with $Γ \sim 1$ keV and, because of its near degeneracy with a well known $2^{+}$ level, has presumably escaped detection. A brief discussion of the model predictions and the available experimental evidence for such a level is given. A more definitive experiment is suggested.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ${}^{16}O$ ; calculated levels $E$ , $J$ , $π$ . Doublet predicted at 9.85-MeV excitation.

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Exact ground states of few-body nuclei with and without three-body forces

John G. Zabolitzky, K. E. Schmidt, and M. H. Kalos

Phys. Rev. C 25, 1111(R) (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Approximation-free solutions of the Schrödinger equation are given for the ground states of three- and four-body nuclei, employing spin-independent central two- and three-body forces. Comparison with the results of more approximate few-body methods shows their relative accuracy.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURES ${}^{3}H$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ , ${}^{4}{He}$ ; two- and three-body forces; calculated binding and proton densities. Green's-function Monte Carlo.

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Unusual phenomena in fireball

R. K. Tripathi

Phys. Rev. C 25, 1114(R) (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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We present a fully self-consistent equation of state for hot asymmetric (with arbitrary proton to neutron ratio) and symmetric nuclear matter for a wide range of temperatures and densities. Comparison with the observed (?) entropy from the fireball suggests that some unusual degrees of freedom would have to be responsible for the discrepancy.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Entropy, equation of state, fireball.

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Neutron, proton, and alpha emission in deep inelastic collisions of ${}^{16}O$ on ${}^{48}{Ca}$ at 142 MeV

S. Wald, I. Tserruya, Z. Fraenkel, G. Doukellis, H. Gemmeke, and H. L. Harney

Phys. Rev. C 25, 1118(R) (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Energy and angular distributions of neutrons, protons, and $α$ 's were measured in coincidence with the projectilelike fragments in deep inelastic collisions of ${}^{16}O$ on ${}^{48}{Ca}$ at 142 MeV. Using an event by event analysis which takes into account the particle emission from the projectilelike fragment and the recoil correction due to light particle emission we show that our data are consistent with the assumption that the light particles are statistically evaporated in the rest frame of the two heavy fragments.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{48}{Ca}$ ( ${}^{16}O$ , $X$ ), $E = 142$ MeV, measured $n$ , $p$ , $α$ coinc.; deduced $n$ , $p$ , $α$ $σ (E)$ and $σ (θ)$ .

Magnetic electron scattering and the radius of the $1 d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ orbit in ${}^{17}O$

R. S. Hicks

Phys. Rev. C 25, 695 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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It is shown that the magnetic elastic form factor of ${}^{17}O$ can be accounted for by current nuclear theory. After making allowance for theoretical uncertainties regarding the high- $q$ behavior of the $M 1$ and $M 3$ form factors, the rms radius of the $1 d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ neutron orbit is found to be 3.56 ± 0.09 fm. Quantitative information on the quenching of the $M 3$ and $M 5$ multipoles is also deduced.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{17}O$ ( $e$ , $e$ ) elastic magnetic form factor. Comparison with calculations including core polarization, meson exchange currents. Deduced $d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ neutron radius.

Nonresonant approximations to the optical potential

K. L. Kowalski

Phys. Rev. C 25, 700 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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A new class of approximations to the optical potential, which includes those of the multiple-scattering variety, is investigated. These approximations are constructed so that the optical potential maintains the correct unitarity properties along with a proper treatment of nucleon identity. The special case of nucleon-nucleus scattering with complete inclusion of Pauli effects is studied in detail. The treatment is such that the optical potential receives contributions only from subsystems embedded in their own physically correct antisymmetrized subspaces. It is found that a systematic development of even the lowest-order approximations requires the use of the off-shell extension due to Alt, Grassberger, and Sandhas along with a consistent set of dynamical equations for the optical potential. In nucleon-nucleus scattering a lowest-order optical potential is obtained as part of a systematic, exact, inclusive connectivity expansion which is expected to be useful at moderately high energies. This lowest-order potential consists of an energy-shifted ( $t ρ$ )-like term with three-body kinematics plus a heavy-particle exchange or pickup term. The natural appearance of the exchange term additively in the optical potential clarifies the role of the elastic distortion in connection with the treatment of these processes. The relationship of the relevant aspects of the present analysis of the optical potential to conventional multiple scattering methods is discussed.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Approximate nuclear optical potential. Pauli principle in nuclear reaction theory. Multiple scattering approximations. Optical potential for nucleon-nucleus scattering.

Fluctuations due to statistical multistep compound emission in the ${}^{25}{Mg}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , $p$ ) and ${}^{25}{Mg}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , $α$ ) reactions

R. Bonetti, L. Colli Milazzo, M. Melanotte, A. De Rosa, G. Inglima, E. Perillo, M. Sandoli, V. Russo, N. Saunier, and F. Shahin

Phys. Rev. C 25, 717 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Excitation functions and angular distributions of protons and alpha particles emitted from the ${}^{3}{He}$ + ${}^{25}{Mg}$ reaction were measured in the ${}^{3}{He}$ energy range from 8.05 to 20.425 MeV. The excitation functions show large, uncorrelated structures. Analysis on the basis of the autocorrelation function and the spectral density method yields largely varying values of the coherence energy, which can be attributed to the different steps of the statistical multistep compound emission chain. This process explains the average shape of the excitation functions, and also the absolute value of the emitted proton spectrum, measured at 13 MeV incident ${}^{3}{He}$ beam.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{25}{Mg}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , $p$ ), ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , $α$ ), $E = 8.05 - 20.425$ MeV; measured $σ (E; θ)$ ; calculated $σ (E)$ , $σ (E_{p})$ ; deduced coherence widths.

Natural parity levels in ${}^{16}O$

Lawrence L. Ames

Phys. Rev. C 25, 729 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Absolute cross section data at over a thousand energies [ $15 < E_{x} ({}^{16}O) < 22$ MeV], usually at 18 angles and for as many as four reactions [ ${}^{12}C$ ( $α$ , $α_{i}$ ) ${}^{12}C$ with $0 \leq i \leq 2$ and ${}^{12}C$ ( $α$ , $p_{0}$ ) ${}^{15}N$ ], reveal much alpha cluster and other level structure in ${}^{16}O$ . A differentially pumped methane gas target allowed laboratory energy resolution better than 10 keV. The author critically discusses problems in past and present data analyses and introduces some new techniques. With the aid of these techniques and a resonance shape fitting program, all of the $α_{0}$ data (plus some of the $α_{2}$ and ( $α$ , $p_{0}$ ) data) were fitted and resonant parameters to over 50 states in ${}^{16}O$ were assigned. These levels often correspond to families of excited ${}^{12}C$ core states. Clear absence of an $8^{+}$ state at $E_{x} ({}^{16}O) \approx 20$ MeV makes questionable early rotational band assignments. Instead evidence is cited supporting Robson's predictions of ${}^{16}O$ as a tetrehedral rotor.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C$ ( $α$ , $α_{i}$ ), ( $α$ , $p_{0}$ ), $E = 10.5 - 20$ MeV measured $σ (E, θ)$ ; deduced ${}^{16}O$ level parameters; new analysis techniques, resolution 10 keV, $θ_{lab} = 30 - 170 °$ .

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Alpha cluster structure of ${}^{16}O$ ; excited core states.

Three-body force effects in the ${}^{17}O$ magnetic form factor

S. A. Coon, R. J. McCarthy, and J. P. Vary

Phys. Rev. C 25, 756 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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We find large corrections to the ${}^{17}O$ magnetic form factor arising from a two-pion exchange three-body force. These corrections are comparable in magnitude to meson exchange current contributions. The phases of the $M 1$ , $M 3$ , and $M 5$ amplitudes due to the three-body force are favorable for improving agreement between theory and experiment, especially in the region of momentum transfer between 1.5 and 3.0 ${fm}^{- 1}$ .

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{17}O$ ( $e$ , $e$ ); magnetic form factor, theory including higher order effects and three body force effects.

$\frac{1}{E}$ dependence of the ${}^{7}{Li}$ ( $p$ , $n$ ) ${}^{7}{Be}$ (g.s.+ 0.43 MeV) total reaction cross section

T. E. Ward, C. C. Foster, G. E. Walker, J. Rapaport, and C. A. Goulding

Phys. Rev. C 25, 762 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Activation measurements of the ${}^{7}{Li}$ ( $p$ , $n$ ) ${}^{7}{Be}$ (g.s.+ 0.43 MeV) total reaction cross section have been made at 12 proton energies between 60-200 MeV, with typical uncertainties of 8-14%. The measured total reaction cross section $σ (E)$ is $\dot{o}$ bserved to vary inversely with incident proton energy, and to agree very well, when extrapolated to lower energies, with previously published results in the energy range 25-45 MeV. A theoretical interpretation of this energy dependence is presented.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{7}{Li}$ ( $p$ , $n$ ) ${}^{7}{Be}$ , $E = 60 - 200$ MeV; measured total reaction cross section by activation analysis. Theoretical interpretation of the results.

Reactions induced by ${}^{3}{He}$ and ${}^{4}{He}$ ions on natural Mg, Al, and Si

D. J. Frantsvog, A. R. Kunselman, R. L. Wilson, C. S. Zaidins, and C. Détraz

Phys. Rev. C 25, 770 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Excitation functions have been measured for reactions of ${}^{3}{He}$ , over the energy range $E {}^{3}{He} = 10 - 40$ MeV, and ${}^{4}{He}$ over the energy range $E {}^{4}{He} = 10 - 35$ MeV, with natural targets of Mg, Al, and Si by detecting $β$ -delayed $γ$ rays.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Observed nuclear $γ$ rays, measured $σ (E {}^{3}{He})$ , $σ (E {}^{4}{He})$ on natural targets Mg, Al, Si; $E {}^{3}{He} = 10 - 40$ MeV, $E {}^{4}{He} = 10 - 35$ MeV.

Elastic photon scattering between 9.5 and 12 MeV in ${}^{208}{Pb}$ and ${}^{206}{Pb}$

R. D. Starr, P. Axel, and L. S. Cardman

Phys. Rev. C 25, 780 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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The elastic photon scattering cross sections of ${}^{208}{Pb}$ and ${}^{206}{Pb}$ were measured at 90° and 135° in the energy range from 9.5 to 12 MeV with a tagged photon beam whose energy spread was about 125 keV. The ${}^{206}{Pb}$ cross section rises monotonically with energy, and is consistent with a total photon interaction cross section which has a Lorentzian energy dependence with a peak cross section of 650 mb at 13.6 MeV and a width $Γ ≃ 3.8$ MeV. The ${}^{208}{Pb}$ scattering cross section is larger and has some rapid variations with energy; there is a narrow extra peak near 10.04 MeV and there are abrupt increases in the cross section just below 10.6 and 11.3 MeV. The relative scattering observed at the two angles indicates that all of the scattering, including the rapid variations with energy, is dominated by dipole interactions. This dipole assignment for the fine structure is important for the proper interpretation of inelastic electron scattering by ${}^{208}{Pb}$ . Some of the observed fine structure in inelastic electron scattering must be dipole; the fine structure previously reported as being due to electric quadrupole excitation should be considered as tentative until the correct dipole contributions are included.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{206, 208}{Pb}$ ( $γ γ$ ), $E = 9.5 - 12$ MeV; measured $σ (E; θ)$ ; resolution 125 keV; observed fine structure; inferred dipole excitation.

Fine structure in the ${}^{208}{Pb}$ photoneutron cross section between 9.9 and 11.2 MeV

Z. W. Bell, L. S. Cardman, and P. Axel

Phys. Rev. C 25, 791 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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The partial differential photoneutron cross sections for ${}^{208}{Pb}$ were measured in the energy region from 9.9 to 11.2 MeV with an energy resolution of about 100 keV. Neutrons leaving ${}^{207}{Pb}$ in its ground state and first two excited states were resolved, and angular distributions were determined from measurements at seven angles from 45° to 135°. These data provide more information about the fine structure observed in earlier, poorer resolution measurements of the total photoneutron cross section and strongly support the interpretation of this structure as being due to electric dipole excitations. The measured partial cross sections provide a sensitive test for models attempting to describe the photon interaction cross section and the coupling of the excited states to the continuum. Calculations using a statistical model with transmission coefficients obtained from a conventional optical model are unable to explain even the average behavior of the branching ratios with energy. The measured angular distributions show clear evidence for interference of either $E 2$ or $M 1$ processes with the predominant $E 1$ interaction. The interference terms have a magnitude approximately equal to that predicted by a simple direct-semidirect calculation including the electric dipole and isoscalar electric quadrupole giant resonance. However, this agreement is puzzling because the average of interferences between the many compound nuclear levels in this region of excitation would be expected to reduce anisotropies about 90° toward zero.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{208}{Pb}$ ( $γ$ , $n$ ), $E = 9.9 - 11.2$ MeV; tagged photon resolution 120 keV; measured $σ (E_{n}, θ)$ , $θ = 45 ° - 135 °$ ; observed interference of either $E 2$ or $M 1$ with $E 1$ .

Forward-angle inelastic scattering

G. F. Bertsch and O. Scholten

Phys. Rev. C 25, 804 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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The single-step contribution to nuclear inelastic scattering is analyzed in the independent particle model. We derive simple formulas for the single-step total cross section and the response function, which are the two major ingredients in the theory. This description accounts for most of the cross section below an excitation energy of 40 MeV, seen in proton induced reactions at 200 and 800 MeV.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Calculated proton induced one step continuum $σ (E, E_{p})$ , $σ (E, E_{n})$ , $σ (θ)$ at 200 and 800 MeV protons.

Collective properties of $1 g_{\frac{9}{2}}$ proton-hole excitations: High-spin states in ${}^{116, 118, 120, 122}{Te}$ and ${}^{120}{Xe}$ nuclei

P. Chowdhury, W. F. Piel, Jr., and D. B. Fossan

Phys. Rev. C 25, 813 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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High spin states of ${}^{116, 118, 120, 122}{Te}$ and ${}^{120}{Xe}$ nuclei have been studied via ( $α$ , $xn$ ) and ( ${}^{12, 13}C$ , $xn$ ) reactions, using in-beam $γ$ -excitation, $γ - γ$ coincidence, and $γ - W (θ)$ measurements. A search for collective bands built on 2-proton-hole $0^{+}$ states has revealed $Δ J = 2$ structures in the even ${}^{116 - 122}{Te}$ nuclei, which possibly relate to the $1 g_{\frac{9}{2}}$ proton-hole bands in odd- $I$ nuclei. No evidence for similar structures was found in ${}^{120}{Xe}$ . The level schemes of these nuclei are presented and the even-Te systematics are discussed within the context of the collective nature of $1 g_{\frac{9}{2}}$ proton-hole excitations in the $Z \geq 50$ region.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{117}{Sn}$ ( $α$ , $n$ ) ${}^{120, 122}{Te}$ , ${}^{114, 116}{Sn}$ ( $α$ , $2 n$ ) ${}^{116, 118}{Te}$ , ${}^{106}{Pd}$ ( ${}^{12}C$ , $2 n$ ) ${}^{116}{Te}$ , ${}^{110}{Pd}$ ( ${}^{13}C$ , $3 n$ ) ${}^{120}{Te}$ , ${}^{110}{Cd}$ ( ${}^{13}C$ , $3 n$ ) ${}^{120}{Xe}$ measured $γ - γ$ coincidences, $γ (E, θ)$ ; ${}^{116, 118, 120, 122}{Te}$ , ${}^{120}{Xe}$ deduced levels, $J^{π}$ ; enriched targets, Ge(Li) detectors.

Analyzing powers in inclusive Ag( $p$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ) and Ag( $p$ , ${}^{4}{He}$ ) reactions at intermediate energies

Ray E. L. Green, K. Peter Jackson, and Ralph G. Korteling

Phys. Rev. C 25, 828 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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Asymmetries associated with ${}^{3}{He}$ and ${}^{4}{He}$ single particle inclusive spectra from reactions of polarized protons with Ag targets have been measured for helium isotopes produced at 60°, 90°, and 135° with $E_{p} = 518$ MeV and at 60° with $E_{p} = 237 and 445$ and 445 MeV over a helium energy range from 7 to 63 MeV. The analyzing powers $A_{y} (E, E_{He}, θ_{He})$ derived from these are near zero throughout the measured ranges. This is a constraint on direct interaction models of fragment production.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Ag( $\vec{p}$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ) and Ag( $\vec{p}$ , ${}^{4}{He}$ ); measured analyzing powers $A_{y} (E, E_{He}, θ)$ , $E = 237, 445$ MeV, $θ = 60 °$ and $E = 518$ MeV, $θ = 60 °, 90 °, 135 °$ .

Inelastic light ion scattering and application to ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{12}C$

M. U. Ahmed, William P. Beres, and Thomas L. Larry

Phys. Rev. C 25, 833 (1982) - Published 1 February, 1982

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A projection operator method is presented for the calculation of low energy heavy ion inelastic scattering cross sections. The theory treats both gross and intermediate structure and is applied to the case of ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{12}C$ → ${}^{12}C$ ( $2^{+}$ )+ ${}^{12}C$ (g.s.), where particle-vibration doorways of both $2^{+}$ and $3^{-}$ origin are included. The results are in reasonable agreement with experiment. A discussion of the possible effects of doorways of $0_{2}^{+}$ origin is given.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{12}C$ → ${}^{12}C$ ( $2^{+}$ )+ ${}^{12}C$ (g.s.), $E = 10 - 30$ MeV c.m., projection operator intermediate structure theory, calculated $σ_{total}$ .

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Pion single charge exchange scattering from ${}^{3}{He}$ at 285, 428, and 525 MeV

Pions produced near the center-of-mass velocity in heavy-ion collisions

Isobars and isobaric analog states

Test of tetrahedral symmetry in the ${}^{16}O$ nucleus

Exact ground states of few-body nuclei with and without three-body forces

Unusual phenomena in fireball

Neutron, proton, and alpha emission in deep inelastic collisions of ${}^{16}O$ on ${}^{48}{Ca}$ at 142 MeV

Magnetic electron scattering and the radius of the $1 d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ orbit in ${}^{17}O$

Nonresonant approximations to the optical potential

Fluctuations due to statistical multistep compound emission in the ${}^{25}{Mg}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , $p$ ) and ${}^{25}{Mg}$ ( ${}^{3}{He}$ , $α$ ) reactions

Natural parity levels in ${}^{16}O$

Three-body force effects in the ${}^{17}O$ magnetic form factor

$\frac{1}{E}$ dependence of the ${}^{7}{Li}$ ( $p$ , $n$ ) ${}^{7}{Be}$ (g.s.+ 0.43 MeV) total reaction cross section

Reactions induced by ${}^{3}{He}$ and ${}^{4}{He}$ ions on natural Mg, Al, and Si

Elastic photon scattering between 9.5 and 12 MeV in ${}^{208}{Pb}$ and ${}^{206}{Pb}$

Fine structure in the ${}^{208}{Pb}$ photoneutron cross section between 9.9 and 11.2 MeV

Forward-angle inelastic scattering

Collective properties of $1 g_{\frac{9}{2}}$ proton-hole excitations: High-spin states in ${}^{116, 118, 120, 122}{Te}$ and ${}^{120}{Xe}$ nuclei

Analyzing powers in inclusive Ag( $p$ , ${}^{3}{He}$ ) and Ag( $p$ , ${}^{4}{He}$ ) reactions at intermediate energies

Inelastic light ion scattering and application to ${}^{12}C$ + ${}^{12}C$

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