We extend the relativistic Hartree-Fock (RHF) theory to study the structure of single-$\mathrm{\Lambda }$ hypernuclei. The density dependence is taken in both meson-nucleon and meson-hyperon coupling strengths, and the induced $\mathrm{\Lambda }$-nucleon ($\mathrm{\Lambda }N$) effective interactions are determined by fitting $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ separation energies to the experimental data for several single-$\mathrm{\Lambda }$ hypernuclei. The equilibrium of nuclear dynamics described by the RHF model in normal atomic nuclei, namely, the balance between nuclear attractive and repulsive interactions, is then found to be drastically changed in single-$\mathrm{\Lambda }$ hypernuclei, revealing a different role of Fock terms via $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ hyperon from the nucleon exchange. Since only one hyperon exists in a single-$\mathrm{\Lambda }$ hypernucleus, the overwhelmed $\mathrm{\Lambda }N$ and $\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }$ attractions via the Hartree than the $\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }$ repulsion from the Fock terms require an alternation of meson-hyperon coupling strengths in RHF to rebalance the effective nuclear force with the strangeness degree of freedom, leading to an improved description of $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ Dirac mass and correspondingly a systematically reduced $\sigma \text{−}\mathrm{\Lambda }$ coupling strength $g_{\sigma \mathrm{\Lambda }}$ in current models as compared to those relativistic mean-field (RMF) approaches without Fock terms. As a result, the effective $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ spin-orbit coupling potential in the ground state of hypernuclei is suppressed, and these RHF models predict correspondingly a quenching effect in $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ spin-orbit splitting in comparison with the RMF cases. Furthermore, the $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ spin-orbit splitting could decrease efficiently by evolving the hyperon-relevant couplings $g_{\sigma \mathrm{\Lambda }}$ and $g_{\omega \mathrm{\Lambda }}$ simultaneously, where to reconcile with the empirical value the RHF models address a larger parameter space of meson-hyperon couplings.

A microscopic $n\alpha$ cluster model was applied to ${}^8\mathrm{Be}, {}^{12}\mathrm{C}$, and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ systems to investigate cluster motion in the ground state and radial excitation. In the microscopic calculation of ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ using the generator coordinate method with the coordinate $D$ of the $\alpha -\alpha$ distance, excited states were obtained as the large-amplitude mode built on the ground state. A collective model was constructed to describe the cluster motion of these states by utilizing inputs from the microscopic cluster model such as the norm kernel and energy expectation values. Furthermore, the cluster model was extended by introducing the imaginary part of the coordinate $D$ to incorporate the dynamical effects on the collective mass. The collective wave function obtained with the collective model was found to be in reasonable agreement with the results of the generator coordinate method for energies, root-mean-square radii, and amplitude functions.

Background:The effect of a predicted nonconstant $\eta /s({\mu }_B$) is largely unexplored in hydrodynamic simulations. Previous studies focus only on a temperature dependence or even only a constant effective shear viscosity.

Purpose:We aim to study qualitative impact of the net baryochemical potential dependence of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio $\eta /s$ in hydrodynamical simulations.

Method:The effect of a generalized $\eta /s(T,{\mu }_B$) is investigated in the hybrid approach SMASH-vHLLE, composed of the hadronic transport approach SMASH and the ($3+1$)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic code vHLLE. In order to reduce the bias of the result on the equation of state used in the hydrodynamic part of the model, $\eta /s$ is parametrized directly in the energy density and net baryon number density. The parametrization takes into account the constraints of matching to the transport coefficients in the hadronic phase, as well as perturbative QCD results.

Results:This work demonstrates impact of the density dependence for different system sizes and energies and compares the observables, including yield, mean transverse momentum, and integrated elliptic flow, with experimental results in the region $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7–39.0$ GeV of the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, as the effect of this generalization is especially relevant for intermediate collision energies, for which the system is in equilibrium for a relevant amount of time, but the net baryochemical potential does not vanish.

Conclusions:The effect of an explicit net baryon number dependence on the elliptic flow is negligible and only relevant in the early stages of the collision. Additionally, we find that the proposed parametrization in energy density could be a good proxy for the shear viscosity in the nonequilibrium hadronic transport stage, as the elliptic flow is insensitive to the switching criterion in the range of ${\epsilon }_{\text{switch}}=0.1–0.5\mathrm{GeV}$.

With the attempts of extending the hydrodynamic framework of heavy-ion collision to proton-proton and other small and low-energy systems, we are confronted with the question of how small the system can get and still be safely modeled as a fluid. One of the transport coefficients required in the second-order relativistic viscous hydrodynamics is the shear relaxation time, inclusion of which solves the causality violation problem in the Navier-Stokes equation. In phenomenological studies this coefficient has been taken as a constant and much attention has gone into finding and fixing the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio, $\eta /s$. This transport coefficient also happens to control the nonhydrodynamic mode of the out-of-equilibrium hydrodynamics theory. It has been predicted that for decreasing system size, observables become sensitive to variation in shear relaxation time as a result of increasing dominance of the nonhydrodynamic mode, which could potentially indicate the breakdown of hydrodynamics. In this study, we try to test this prediction in peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV and Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV, with IPGlasma initial condition and $(2+1)$-dimensional viscous hydrodynamics. We find that elliptic flow does show adequate sensitivity to variation in relaxation time for decreasing system size. The multiplicity rapidity density limit for applicability of hydrodynamics is found to be around $dN/dy\approx 10$, with the possibility of refinement in this value given a way to improve the centrality resolution in experimental data for referencing in peripheral collisions.

The hydro-kinetic formalism has been used as a complementary approach to solving the stochastic differential equations (SDE) corresponding to noisy hydrodynamics. The hydro-kinetic formalism consists of a deterministic set of relaxation type equations that tracks the evolution of two-point correlation functions of stochastic hydrodynamic quantities. Hence they are comparatively easier to solve than the SDEs, which are computationally intensive and need to deal with arbitrarily large gradients. This work compares the two approaches for the propagation and diffusion of conserved charge fluctuations in the Bjorken hydrodynamic model. For white noise, the two approaches agree. For colored Catteneo noise, which is causal, the two approaches diverge. This is because white noise only induces two-point correlations, while Catteneo noise also induces higher-order correlations. This difference is quantified from the effects of causal evolution and influence from higher-order correlations induced by the Catteneo noise.

We investigate the localization and clustering features in ${}^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ $(N=Z)$ and neutron-rich ${}^{32}\mathrm{Ne}$ nuclei at zero and finite temperatures. The finite temperature Hartree-Bogoliubov theory is used with the relativistic density-dependent meson-nucleon coupling functional DD-ME2. It is shown that clustering features gradually weaken with increasing temperature and disappear when the shape phase transition occurs. Considering thermal fluctuations in the density profiles, the clustering features vanish at lower temperatures, compared to the case without thermal fluctuations. The effect of the pairing correlations on the nucleon localization and the formation of cluster structures are also studied at finite temperatures. Due to the inclusion of pairing in the calculations, cluster structures are preserved until the critical temperatures for the shape phase transition are reached. Above the critical temperature of the shape phase transition, the clustering features suddenly disappear, which differs from the results without pairing.

In this paper, we study α clustering in ${}^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ and compare it with what is known about clustering in the mirror nucleus ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$. The excitation function for ${}^{14}\mathrm{O}+\alpha$ resonant elastic scattering was measured in inverse kinematics using the Texas active target detector system (TexAT). The data cover the excitation-energy range from 8 to 17 MeV. The analysis was performed using a multichannel $R$-matrix approach. The detailed spectroscopic information is obtained from the $R$-matrix analysis: excitation energy of the states, spin, and parity as well as partial α and total widths. This information is compared with theoretical models and previous data. Correspondence between the levels in ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ is established. We carried out an extensive shell-model analysis of the ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ mirror pair. The agreement between theory and experiment is very good and especially useful when it comes to understanding the clustering strength distribution. The comparison of the experimental data with theory shows that certain states especially at high excitation energies are significantly more clustered than predicted. This indicates that the structure of these states is collective and is aligned towards the corresponding α reaction channel.

High spin states in ${}_{69}{}^{167}\mathrm{Tm}_{98}$ were studied using the ${}^{164}\mathrm{Dy}({}^7\mathrm{Li},4n\gamma ){}^{167}\mathrm{Tm}$ fusion-evaporation reaction. The XTU Tandem accelerator at the INFN Legnaro National Laboratory was used to accelerate a beam of ${}^7\mathrm{Li}$ ions to 55 MeV, and $\gamma$ rays from the evaporation residues were studied using the GASP Ge multidetector $\gamma$-ray array. The present data have allowed the $1/2^{-}\left[541\right]$ yrast sequence of ${}^{167}\mathrm{Tm}$ to be established to spin $61/2^{-}$, the $1/2^{+}\left[411\right]$ ground-state band to be extended to $(51/2^{+})$, and the $7/2^{+}\left[404\right]$ and $7/2^{-}\left[523\right]$ rotational sequences to be extended to spins $(43/2^{+})$ and $(39/2^{-})$, respectively. The experimental data have been compared with the results of cranked shell-model calculations; for the above decay sequences, crossing frequencies are in agreement with those of the neighboring even-even isotones, within experimental errors, and there is no evidence of a configuration-dependence of band crossing frequencies. Experimental $B\left(M1\right)/B\left(E2\right)$ values were extracted and compared with the results of theoretical calculations which are based on a semiclassical cranking model. Finally, the experimental high-spin decay sequences have been compared with the results of projected shell-model (PSM) calculations; agreement between experiment and theory is excellent over the complete range of spins. The calculated energy levels of the one-quasiparticle bands in ${}^{167}\mathrm{Tm}$ depend sensitively on the deformation parameters used in the PSM calculation.

The ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}(p,\gamma ){}^{17}\mathrm{F}$ reaction is the slowest hydrogen-burning process in the CNO mass region. Its thermonuclear rate sensitively impacts predictions of oxygen isotopic ratios in a number of astrophysical sites, including AGB stars. The reaction has been measured several times at low bombarding energies using a variety of techniques. The most recent evaluated experimental rates have a reported uncertainty of about 7.5% below 1 GK. However, the previous rate estimate represents a best guess only and was not based on rigorous statistical methods. We apply a Bayesian model to fit all reliable ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}(p,\gamma ){}^{17}\mathrm{F}$ cross section data, and take into account independent contributions of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The nuclear reaction model employed is a single-particle potential model involving a Woods-Saxon potential for generating the radial bound state wave function. The model has three physical parameters, the radius and diffuseness of the Woods-Saxon potential, and the asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANCs) of the final bound state in ${}^{17}\mathrm{F}$. We find that performing the Bayesian $S$-factor fit using ANCs as scaling parameters has a distinct advantage over adopting spectroscopic factors instead. Based on these results, we present the first statistically rigorous estimation of experimental ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}(p,\gamma ){}^{17}\mathrm{F}$ reaction rates, with uncertainties $(\pm 4.2\%)$ of about half the previously reported values.

The energy levels of light hypernuclei are experimentally accessible observables that contain valuable information about the interaction between hyperons and nucleons. In this work we study strangeness $S=-1$ systems ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^{3,4}\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^{4,5}\mathrm{He}$ using the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM) with realistic interactions obtained from chiral effective field theory ($\chi \mathrm{EFT}$). In particular, we quantify the finite precision of theoretical predictions that can be attributed to nuclear physics uncertainties. We study both the convergence of the solution of the many-body problem (method uncertainty) and the regulator and calibration-data dependence of the nuclear $\chi \mathrm{EFT}$ Hamiltonian (model uncertainty). For the former, we implement infrared correction formulas and extrapolate finite-space NCSM results to infinite model space. We then use Bayesian parameter estimation to quantify the resulting method uncertainties. For the latter, we employ a family of 42 realistic Hamiltonians and measure the standard deviation of predictions while keeping the leading-order hyperon-nucleon interaction fixed. Following this procedure we find that model uncertainties of ground-state $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ separation energies amount to $\approx 20\left(100\right)\mathrm{keV}$ in ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^3\mathrm{H}({}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^4\mathrm{H},\mathrm{He})$ and $\approx 400\mathrm{keV}$ in ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^5\mathrm{He}$. Method uncertainties are comparable in magnitude for the ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^4\mathrm{H},\mathrm{He} 1^{+}$ excited states and ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^5\mathrm{He}$, which are computed in limited model spaces, but otherwise are much smaller. This knowledge of expected theoretical precision is crucial for the use of binding energies of light hypernuclei to infer the elusive hyperon-nucleon interaction.

Low-lying level structures of the neutron-rich transuranic $Z$=93 isotopes, namely, odd-mass ${}^{243}\mathrm{Np}$ and its odd-odd neighbor ${}^{244}\mathrm{Np}$, are investigated with a view to characterize the respective ground state (gs) and to identify any long-lived isomer (LLI). For ${}^{243}\mathrm{Np}$ levels, we critically examine all the available information from three sources, namely, experimental, systematics from isotopic and isotonic neighbor, and theoretical results from microscopic Nilsson model calculations. Our investigations conclude ${}^{243}\mathrm{Np}$ gs ${\mathrm{J}}^{\pi }$ and configuration to be 5/2${}^{-}[523\downarrow$] on all counts. For the odd-odd ${}^{244}\mathrm{Np}$, we employ our well-tested three-step two-quasiparticle rotor model (TQRM) to identify and evaluate excitation energies of low-lying ($E_x\le$ 400 keV) 2qp bands and respective I(I$+$1) rotational levels. These calculations yield ${}^{244}\mathrm{Np}$ gs to have ${\mathrm{J}}^{\pi }$ and 2qp configuration as 2${}^{+}${p:5/2${}^{-}\left[523\right]\otimes$ n:${9/2}^{-}$[734]} while confirming the earlier reported $7^{-}${p:5/2${}^{+}\left[642\right]\otimes$ n:${9/2}^{-}$[734]} 2.29 m high-spin isomer (HSI) to be an excited state placed around $E_x\sim 100$ keV. We also briefly discuss the earlier reported ${}^{244}\mathrm{Np}\beta$-decay branches of the ${\mathrm{K}}^{\pi }$=7${}^{-}$ isomer and the admissible main $\beta$ branches of ${\mathrm{K}}^{\pi }$=2${}^{+}$ gs to the various levels in ${}^{244}\mathrm{Pu}$.

The evolution of shape coexistence and mixing in the structure of ${}^{94}\mathrm{Pd}$ positive parity states and the nature of the isomeric states at spin $8^{+}$ and ${14}^{+}$ are self-consistently studied within the beyond-mean-field complex excited Vampir model using an effective interaction derived from a nuclear matter $G$ matrix based on the charge-dependent Bonn CD potential in a large model space. Within the same theoretical framework we investigated the Gamow-Teller $\beta$ decay of the $7^{+}$ isomer and the superallowed Fermi $\beta$ decay of the $0^{+}$ ground state of ${}^{94}\mathrm{Ag}$ to ${}^{94}\mathrm{Pd}$. Results on the structure and electromagnetic properties of positive parity states up to spin ${14}^{+}$ in ${}^{94}\mathrm{Pd}$ as well as the strength distributions for the ${}^{94}\mathrm{Ag}\beta$ decay feeding the investigated states in ${}^{94}\mathrm{Pd}$ are discussed and compared with the available experimental data.

Momenta of charmonia created in Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider are so large that three or more mesons may be produced when the charmonia collide with light mesons in hadronic matter. We study the meson-charmonium collision in a mechanism where the collision produces two quarks and two antiquarks; the charm quark then fragment into charmed mesons, and the other three constituents as well as quarks and antiquarks created from vacuum give rise to two or more mesons. The absolute square of the transition amplitude for the production of two quarks and two antiquarks is derived from the $S$-matrix element, and cross-section formulas are derived from the absolute square of the transition amplitude and charm-quark fragmentation functions. With a temperature-dependent quark potential, we calculate unpolarized cross sections for inclusive $D^{+}$, $D^0$, $D_s^{+}$, or $D^{*+}$ production in scattering of charmonia by $\pi$, $\rho$, $K$, or $K^{*}$ mesons. At low center-of-mass energies of the charmonium and the light meson, the cross sections are very small. At high energies the cross sections have obvious temperature dependence and are comparable to peak cross sections of two-to-two meson-charmonium reactions.

The search for chiral magnetic effect (CME) in heavy-ion collisions has attracted long-term attention. Multiple observables are proposed, but all suffer large background contaminations. In this study, we construct an end-to-end CME-meter based on a deep convolutional neural network. After being trained over a dataset generated by a multiphase transport model, the CME-meter shows high accuracy in recognizing the CME-featured charge separation from the final-state pion spectra. It also exhibits remarkable robustness to diverse conditions including different collision energies, centralities, and elliptic flow backgrounds. In extrapolation tests, the CME-meter is validated in isobaric collisions and different model simulation, showing robust generalization performance. Moreover, based on variational approaches, we utilize the DeepDream method to derive the most responsive CME-spectrum that demonstrates the physical contents the machine learned.

Neutrinoless double-$\beta$-decay $\left(0\nu \beta \beta \right)$ nuclear matrix elements (NME) are the object of many theoretical calculation methods, and are very important for analysis and guidance of a large number of experimental efforts. However, there are large discrepancies between the NME values provided by different methods. In this paper we propose a statistical analysis of the ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ $0\nu \beta \beta$ NME using the interacting shell model, emphasizing the range of the NME probable values and their correlations with observables that can be obtained from the existing nuclear data. Based on this statistical analysis with three independent effective Hamiltonians, we propose a common probability distribution function for the $0\nu \beta \beta$ NME, which has a range of (0.45–0.95) at 90% confidence level, and a mean value of 0.68.

The refined values of the magnetic dipole moments of ${}^{185}\mathrm{Re}$ and ${}^{187}\mathrm{Re}$ nuclei are obtained. For this, we perform a combined relativistic coupled cluster and density-functional theory calculation of the shielding constant for the ${\mathrm{ReO}}_4^{-}$ anion. In this calculation, we explicitly include the effect of the finite nuclear magnetization distribution in the single-particle nuclear model using the Woods-Saxon potential for the valence nucleon. By combining the obtained value of the shielding constant $\sigma =4069\left(389\right)$ ppm with the available experimental nuclear magnetic resonance data we obtain the values: $\mu \left({}^{185}\mathrm{Re}\right)=3.1567\left(3\right)\left(12\right){\mu }_N$, $\mu \left({}^{187}\mathrm{Re}\right)=3.1891\left(3\right)\left(12\right){\mu }_N$, where the first uncertainty is the experimental one and the second is due to theory. The refined values of magnetic moments are in disagreement with the tabulated values, $\mu \left({}^{185}\mathrm{Re}\right)=3.1871\left(3\right){\mu }_N$, $\mu \left({}^{187}\mathrm{Re}\right)=3.2197\left(3\right){\mu }_N$, which were obtained using the shielding constant value calculated for the atomic cation ${\mathrm{Re}}^{7+}$ rather than the molecular anion. The updated values of the nuclear magnetic moments resolve the disagreement between theoretical predictions of the hyperfine structure of H-like rhenium ions which were based on the tabulated magnetic moment values and available experimental measurements. Using these experimental data we also extract the value of the parameter of nuclear magnetization distribution introduced in [J. Chem. Phys. 153, 114114 (2020)], which is required to predict hyperfine structure constants for rhenium compounds.

The spherical-to-deformed phase transition in cerium isotopes recently suggested to occur between ${}^{146}\mathrm{Ce}$ and ${}^{148}\mathrm{Ce}$ has been examined in the framework of the macroscopic algebraic collective model and two microscopic approaches, namely Skyrme-Hartree-Fock $+$ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) calculations and the symmetry conserving configuration mixing method with Gogny energy density functionals applied also to the neighboring nuclei along the cerium isotopic chain. Possible spectral signatures of the phase transition are discussed in more details. The microscopic calculations predict octupole softness manifested by rather flat potential energy curves as a function of the octupole deformation parameter ${\beta }_3$ for ${}^{146}\mathrm{Ce}$ and ${}^{148}\mathrm{Ce}$ and shape coexistence characterized by axially symmetric $0^{+}$ states, triaxial $2^{+}$ bands, and octupole deformation for the lowest $1^{-}$ states.

Enhanced octupole collectivity is expected in the neutron-deficient Ge, Se, and Kr isotopes with neutron number $N\approx 40$ and has indeed been observed for ${}^{70,72}\mathrm{Ge}$. Shape coexistence and configuration mixing are, however, a notorious challenge for theoretical models trying to reliably predict octupole collectivity in this mass region, which is known to feature rapid shape changes with changing nucleon number and spin of the system. To further investigate the microscopic configurations causing the prolate-oblate-triaxial shape transition at $A\approx 72$ and their influence on octupole collectivity, the rare isotopes ${}^{72}\mathrm{Se}$ and ${}^{74,76}\mathrm{Kr}$ were studied via inelastic proton scattering in inverse kinematics. While significantly enhanced octupole strength of $\approx$32 Weisskopf units (W.u.) was observed for ${}^{72}\mathrm{Se}$, only strengths of $\approx$15 W.u. were observed for ${}^{74,76}\mathrm{Kr}$. In combination with existing data, the new data clearly question a simple origin of enhanced octupole strengths around $N=40$. The present work establishes two regions of distinct octupole strengths with a sudden strength increase near the $A=72$ shape-transitional point.

Within the framework of the dinuclear system model, the influence of mass asymmetry and the isospin effect on the production of exotic actinides have been investigated systematically. The isotopic yields populate in multinucleon transfer reactions of ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$, ${}^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$, ${}^{238}\mathrm{U}$ bombarding on ${}^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$ are analyzed and compared with the available experimental data. Systematics on the production of unknown actinides from Ac to Lr via the available stable elements on Earth (from Ar to U) as projectiles-induced reactions with ${}^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, ${}^{238}\mathrm{U}$, and ${}^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$ are investigated thoroughly. Potential-energy surface and total kinetic-energy distribution for the reaction system are calculated and can be used to predict the production cross-section trends. It is found that the heavier projectile leads to the wider isotopic chain distribution for the same target. The heavier target-based reactions prefer to produce plenty of exotic actinides through both mechanisms of deep-inelastic and quasifission reactions. Isospin relaxation plays a crucial role in the colliding process, resulting in an actinide isotopic distribution that tends to shift to the drip lines. Massive new actinides have been predicted at the level of nanobarn to millibarn. The optimal projectile-target combinations and beam energies are proposed for the forthcoming experiments.

Quasielastic scattering angular distributions of radioactive $({}^8\mathrm{Li},$ ${}^{7,10}\mathrm{Be}, \mathrm{and} {}^{8,12}\mathrm{B})$ and stable $({}^{6,7}\mathrm{Li},$ ${}^9\mathrm{Be}, \mathrm{and} {}^{11}\mathrm{B})$ projectiles on a ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$ target are presented. The angular distributions have been analyzed by the optical model using Woods-Saxon form factor and São Paulo potential. Total reaction cross sections have been obtained from the optical model analysis and a comparison between different systems is presented. Coupled channels (CC), coupled reaction channels (CRC), and continuum-discretized coupled channels (CDCC) calculations have been performed to investigate the effect of the cluster configuration in the projectile inelastic excitation, breakup, and stripping reactions on the quasielastic angular distributions.