The vector analyzing power for $K^{+}$ ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ elastic scattering at 1.5 GeV/c is predicted based on the Glauber model. The calculation, including the single and double $\mathrm{KN}$ scattering processes, uses the $\mathrm{KN}$ amplitudes obtained by an original phase-shift analysis. Results are also compared with those calculated by another $\mathrm{KN}$ analysis. It is shown that the deuteron analyzing power is sensitive to the structure of the $\mathrm{KN}$ amplitudes and is strongly affected by the $\mathrm{KN}$ polarization.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}(K^{+}, K^{+}){}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$, $P_L=1.5\mathrm{}$ GeV/c; calculated $i{T}_{11}\left(\theta \right)$, Glauber model.

Inelastic pion scattering from ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ has been studied by measuring the spectrum of pions down to 40 MeV at five angles between 30° and 134° for three incident pion energies: 114, 163, and 240 MeV. The spectra are dominated by a broad peak due to quasielastic scattering from a single nucleon in the nucleus. The systematics of the spectra are discussed with emphasis on the pion-nucleus interaction dynamics including the effect of absorption. The partial ${\pi }^{+}$-${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ cross sections for all nonradiative channels are estimated.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}(\pi , {\pi }^{\prime })$ $E=114, 163, 240$ MeV. $\theta =30-134\mathrm{}°$, full inelastic spectrum measured; $\sigma \left(\theta \right)$. Discussion of nuclear medium effects on quasifree processes, $\Delta$ propagation.

The hybrid multi-baryon-quark shell model of nuclei is developed for the study of weak interactions in nuclei. Application to the parity violating asymmetry in $p-p$ elastic scattering is carried out.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Weak asymmetry in elastic $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering. Energies up to 800 MeV. Quark model of weak interactions in nuclei. Quark structure of nuclei.

The angular distribution and the excitation function of the reaction ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}({\pi }^{+}, {\pi }^{-}){}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ (double isobaric analog state) can be well understood in the framework of a coupled-channel diffractive scattering theory provided we include higher-order processes. Use of a scaling theory allows an essentially parameter-free calculation of these processes and makes possible the study of effects arising from finer aspects of nuclear structure such as the core excitation of ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}({\pi }^{+}, {\pi }^{-}){}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ (DIAS) at $T_{\pi }=50-300\mathrm{}$ MeV; excitation functions; elastic and double-charge-exchange differential cross sections; effects of two-nucleon processes and nuclear structure.

Photon spectra from radiative capture of stopped negative pions captured by ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}_{}{}^{19}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}$ nuclei have been measured with a high resolution pair spectrometer. In the bound region transitions have been observed to ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$(g.s.), ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$(3.5 MeV), ${}_{}{}^{19}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(g.s.), ${}_{}{}^{19}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(4.9 MeV), and ${}_{}{}^{19}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(6.3 MeV). In addition, strong transitions to narrow states above the neutron separation threshold were observed in both cases. The results for ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ are in agreement with detailed shell model calculations of this process. Major strength is observed for states formed by coupling extra nucleons or holes to the spin-quadrupole $d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ and $d_{\frac{3}{2}}$, $J^{\pi }=2^{-}$ states in ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$. The ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}({\pi }^{-}, \gamma ){}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}$ branching ratio is shown to be consistent with beta decay and electroexcitation data, through a combined phenomenological analysis. The observed transition strengths are accounted for by matrix elements of the spin-density operators ${[\sigma \times Y_0]}^1{t}^{+}$ and ${[\sigma \times Y_1]}^2{t}^{+}$.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}({\pi }^{-}, \gamma )$, ${}_{}{}^{19}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}({\pi }^{-}, \gamma )$; measured normalized $I\left(E_{\gamma }\right)$; deduced upper limit on $\delta \left(\frac{E2\mathrm{}}{M1\mathrm{}}\right)$ for ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$→${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$(g.s.) at $q=125\mathrm{}$ MeV/c, systematics of SIGDR in $12\le A\le 20$. Stopped ${\pi }^{-}$; pair spectrometer; 850 keV at 129.4 MeV.

The $p$-wave form of the spin-orbit operator provides the basis for a single scattering model for the excitation of unnatural parity levels in pion-nucleus scattering in the region of the $\Delta$ resonance. The model is found to give a reasonable description of the ${\pi }^{+}$ and ${\pi }^{-}$ experimental cross sections for the excitation of stretched $4^{-}$ and $6^{-}$ states in ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$. In the calculations the interaction strength was fixed from the free pion-nucleon data and the spin transition densities were determined from recent ($e, e^{\prime }$) and ($p, p^{\prime }$) data. A schematic discussion of possible corrections to the model is also presented.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Distorted wave calculation of 162 MeV ($\pi , {\pi }^{\prime }$) cross sections, ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$($6^{-}$) and isospin mixed ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$($4^{-}$) stretched states. Impulse approximation for pion-nucleus spin-orbit interaction, energy dependence of $t$ matrix.

The possibility of bound states in a velocity-dependent potential of the Kisslinger type, such as that used to describe the low-energy pion-nucleus interaction, is discussed. It is shown in a specific example that, for a real potential, the number of bound states is finite and their binding energies are real, in contradiction with general results claimed by other authors.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Pion-nucleus optical potential; nuclear bound states of pions in nuclei; velocity-dependent potential.

We consider pion-nucleus elastic scattering and single- and double-charge-exchange scattering to isobaric analog states near the (3,3) resonance within an isospin invariant framework. We extend previous theories by introducing terms into the optical potential $U$ that are quadratic in density and consistent with isospin invariance of the strong interaction. We study the sensitivity of single and double charge exchange angular distributions to parameters of the second-order potential both numerically, by integrating the Klein-Gordon equation, and analytically, by using semiclassical approximations that explicate the dependence of the exact numerical results to the parameters of $U$. The magnitude and shape of double charge exchange angular distributions are more sensitive to the isotensor term in $U$ than has been hitherto appreciated. An examination of recent experimental data shows that puzzles in the shape of the ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}({\pi }^{+}, {\pi }^{-}){}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ angular distribution at 164 MeV and in the $A$ dependence of the forward double charge exchange scattering on ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$, ${}_{}{}^{26}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$, ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, and ${}_{}{}^{48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ at the same energy may be resolved by adding an isotensor term in $U$.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Scattering theory for elastic, single-, and double-charge-exchange scattering to IAS in the region of the $P33\mathrm{}$ resonance. Second-order effects on charge-exchange calculations of $\sigma (A, \theta )$.

A six-quark model is used to estimate short distance contributions to the $\mathrm{pp}\rightleftarrows d{\pi }^{+}$ amplitude. Substantial corrections to typical calculations are obtained.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Calculated cross sections for ${\pi }^{+}d\leftrightarrow \mathrm{pp}$. Energies near the (3,3) resonance. Application of quark models to nuclear physics.

The isotopic yields both from deep inelastic collisions between heavy ions and from fragmentation processes have been successfully described by $Q$-value systematics. In order to test their range of validity and to investigate correlations with specific reaction mechanisms, the $Q$-value systematics have been applied to the multinucleon-removal spectra following pion and kaon absorption on complex nuclei. Indeed, the isotopic distribution derived from these spectra shows the following feature: Most of the yields are not strongly influenced by the charge of the pion and can be explained by nuclear evaporation following pion absorption. In contrast, the yields of elements far removed from the target show a better agreement with a $Q_{\mathrm{gg}}$ law under the assumption that the pion is implanted in the target. The influence of the pion charge upon the yield distribution is thus evidenced even after the removal of 10-14 nucleons from the target. As a dominant evaporation process would not reproduce this effect, this indicates the importance of direct reaction mechanisms associated with pion absorption. This could support the hypothesis of an absorption on a complex cluster or a very strong final-state interaction. The parameter $T$ extracted from the $Q$-value systematics appears proportional to the total energy brought by the meson into the system.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $Q$-value systematics; pion and kaon induced reactions; deduced temperatures; reaction mechanism.

Differential cross sections for the reaction ${\pi }^{+}+d\to p+p$ were measured for pion laboratory energies of 65, 72.5, 80, 95, 110, 125, and 140 MeV. The integrated cross sections for these energies were found to be 7.51±0.19, 7.91±0.16, 8.64±0.15, 9.61±0.15, 11.3±0.2, 11.7±0.3, and 11.3±0.3 mb, respectively. These values indicate that the centroid and width of the energy dependence for the resonance in this reaction is lower and greater, respectively, than predicted by most theoretical models of the process. Comparisons made with predictions by Blankleider and Afnan show a qualitative difference between experimental measurements and calculations of the $P_4\left(cos\theta \right)$ term in the polynomial expansion of the differential cross section. This may indicate a more important role for $\rho$-like exchange in the reaction mechanism than that included by the calculations.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS $d({\pi }^{+}, p)p$, $E=65, 72.5, 80, 95, 110, 125, 140$ MeV; measured absolute $\frac{d\sigma }{d\Omega }$, deduced total cross section; obtained fits to $P_n\left(cos\theta \right)$ expansion; compared with Faddeev-type calculations for the reaction.

The inverse scattering problem for the Chew-Low model is solved and the solution is used to construct three different forms for the off-shell $\pi N$ $T$ matrix. The three forms differ in their treatment of the nucleon pole and the crossing cut. One of the forms is shown to be equivalent to a separable potential model with an energy dependent strength. The analysis gives some insight into the question of the range of the $\pi N$ interaction.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS Inverse problem for Chew-Low model; relation between field theory and potential descriptions of $\pi N$ interaction.

It is shown that, at large momentum transfers, one can extract nuclear structure information from the response (function) of the nucleus to an external scalar probe by factorizing the on-shell form factor associated to the struck nucleon. This result, derived both for elastic and inelastic scattering, arises from compensations between off-shell effects and exchange current effects generated by the (local) nucleon-nucleon interaction. The corrections to this on-shell factorization are in general found to be small at large momentum transfers. The role of the final state interaction in the nuclear transition form factor is then investigated and it is shown how one can, for instance, correct the orthogonality defect introduced by using a plane wave approximation for the struck nucleon.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS High momentum transfer reactions, elastic and inelastic scattering, on shell form factor, factorization, orthogonality.

The nuclear excited states of ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$ were studied by means of the decays of 9.25-min and 1.55-min ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Rh}$ isomers, and the ${}_{}{}^{93}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nb}({}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}, 3n\gamma )$ reaction. Approximately 140 $\gamma$ rays measured in these experiments were incorporated into a level scheme consisting of approximately 50 excited states. The experimental level scheme is compared with a level scheme calculated on the basis of the shell model.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Rh}$ [from ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{RU}(p, n)$]; measured $E_{\gamma }$, $I_{\gamma }$, $\gamma \gamma$-coin. ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$ deduced levels, $log\mathrm{ft}$. Enriched target, Ge(Li) detector.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS ${}_{}{}^{93}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nb}({}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}, 3n\gamma )$, $E=24\mathrm{}$ MeV; measured $E_{\gamma }$, $I_{\gamma }$, $\gamma \gamma$-coin. ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$ deduced levels. Ge(Li) detector.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$, ${}_{}{}^{96}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Rh}$, calculated levels. Shell model. Comparison with experiment.

The fractional decay branch in the EC decay of ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ leading to the first excited state of ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ has been measured. ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ ions from a beam produced by a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator were implanted into a surface-barrier detector; the decay $\gamma$ rays were then counted using a well-shielded Ge(Li) detector of known absolute efficiency. The resulting decay branch, (10.10±0.45)%, is in good agreement with previously published values and in strong disagreement with a recent measurement.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$; measured $I_{\gamma }$; deduced branching ratio to first excited state in ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$.

The decay scheme of ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ has been reinvestigated. Known numbers of ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ nuclei were produced in targets via the ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}(p, n)$ reaction. Following activation, the yields of 478-keV $\gamma$ rays from the targets were measured. From three such measurements, performed at different bombarding energies, the ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ decay branching ratio to the first excited state of ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ has been determined to be 10.8±0.4%. The implications of this result for the solar neutrino problem are discussed.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$: measured $I_{\gamma }$; deduced branching ratio to first excited state in ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$. Neutron detector. Ge(Li) detector.

The level scheme of ${}_{}{}^{148}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ce}$ populated by $\beta$ decay of ${}_{}{}^{148}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{La}$, produced in thermal neutron fission of ${}_{}{}^{235}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$, has been studied. Ion beams of mass 148 were separated by an on-line isotope separator and deposited on a movable tape. Gamma-ray singles, $\gamma -\gamma$ time, $\gamma -\gamma$ angular correlations, and time sequenced $\gamma$ and $\beta$ spectra were collected. The half-life for ${}_{}{}^{148}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{La}$ was measured to be 1.05±0.01 s. A level scheme for ${}_{}{}^{148}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ce}$ is presented including several members of the ground, $\beta$, $\gamma$, and octupole bands. The resulting level scheme has been compared with other $N=90\mathrm{}$ nuclides and with interacting-boson-approximation-2 calculations.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}_{}{}^{148}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{La}$ [from ${}_{}{}^{235}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}(n_{\mathrm{th}}, f)$] measured $t_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $E_{\gamma }$, $I_{\gamma }$, $\gamma \gamma t$ coincidence, $\gamma \gamma \left(\theta \right)$ angular correlation; HPGe and Ge(Li) detectors; ${}_{}{}^{148}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ce}$ deduced levels, $J^{\pi }$ and $I_{\beta }$. Mass-separated ${}_{}{}^{148}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$ activity. IBA-2 calculations: $E_{\mathrm{level}}$ and $B\left(E2\mathrm{}\right)\mathrm{}$.

Decay energies of ${}_{}{}^{103-105}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{In}$ have been determined by $\beta -\gamma$ coincidence spectroscopy on sources obtained from an on-line mass separator. Comparisons of the measured decay energies and deduced masses are made with the predictions of several different theoretical models. The ${}_{}{}^{103}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{In}$ mass is found to be more bound by 1 MeV than predicted by most models, which reproduce adequately the masses of the heavier indium isotopes. Systematic trends of the masses and neutron separation energies of the indium isotopes between the closed $N=50\mathrm{}$ and 82 shells are presented.

RADIOACTIVITY ${}_{}{}^{103-105}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{In}$ [from $\mathrm{Mo}({}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}, xn)$, $\mathrm{Mo}({}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}, pxn)$]; measured $E_{{\beta }^{+}}$, $\beta \gamma$ coin; deduced $Q_{\mathrm{EC}}$, mass excesses. On-line mass separation; enriched and natural targets; Ge(Li), scintillator telescope detectors; response function correction $E$ scintillator.

We compute the effect of a nonvanishing neutrino mass on the electron spectrum of tritium beta decay using the elementary particle treatment of weak interactions. Coulomb corrections are taken into account in this formalism, as are the effects of weak magnetism and nuclear recoil. The effect of a mixture of excited atomic final states is also discussed. These corrections combine to make small changes in the shape of the end point, which could be important in determinations of the neutrino mass.

RADIOACTIVITY Calculation of neutrino mass and Coulomb effects on the spectrum of ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ $\beta$ decay.

We suggest that a new class of supersymmetry may occur in nuclei. We construct energy formulas and classification schemes for two specific cases of this class. With this addition, supersymmetry considerations may be extended to many nuclei, thus providing a useful tool to analyze the corresponding spectra.

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Supersymmetries. Derived classification scheme and energy formulas for some odd-even nuclei. Application to ${}_{}{}^{195}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pt}$.