The measured energy spectra, reported in the preceding paper, of neutrons produced from thick carbon, copper, and lead targets exposed to 30-MeV protons, 33-MeV deuterons, 65-MeV ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and 65-MeV alpha particles were analyzed with the phenomenological hybrid model of equilibrium and preequilibrium emissions, together with the Serber model for deuteron stripping. Both spectral components of equilibrium and preequilibrium were well fitted to two Maxwellian-type functions having different nuclear temperatures. The former temperature values were only a function of the excited energy of the compound nucleus per nucleon, independently of the neutron emission angle, while on the other hand, the latter temperature values were dependent on the emission angle and the total energy delivered into the compound nucleus by the projectile. For deuteron, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and alpha projectiles, a broad bump was seen in the forward spectrum which corresponds to the direct knockout and the deuteron and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ breakup processes. The deuteron breakup process calculated by the Serber model showed rather good agreement with the measured spectrum.

The elastic scattering of heavy ions, ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ on ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$, ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ on ${}_{}{}^{235}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$, ${}_{}{}^{84}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ on ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$, and ${}_{}{}^{84}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ on ${}_{}{}^{232}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Th}$, is examined within the framework of Frahn's diffraction model. An analysis of the experiment using the "quarter point recipe" of the expected Fresnel cross sections yields a larger radius for ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ than the radii for ${}_{}{}^{235}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ and ${}_{}{}^{232}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Th}$. It is shown that inclusion of the nuclear deformation in the model removes the above anomaly in the radii, and the assumption of smooth cutoff of the angular momentum simultaneously leads to a better fit to elastic scattering data, compared to those obtained by the earlier workers on the assumption of sharp cutoff.

[NUCLEAR REACTIONS Elastic scattering, ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$+${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ (161.2 MeV), ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$+${}_{}{}^{235}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ (175 MeV), ${}_{}{}^{84}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$+${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ (500 MeV), ${}_{}{}^{84}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$+${}_{}{}^{232}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Th}$ (500 MeV), diffraction model, nuclear deformation.]

Time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations for the ${}_{}{}^{136}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Xe}$+${}_{}{}^{209}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Bi}$ collisions at a laboratory bombarding energy $E \left(\mathrm{lab}\right)=1420\mathrm{}$ MeV are presented. The results are compared with the recent experimental data and earlier calculations performed at $E \left(\mathrm{lab}\right)=940\mathrm{}$ MeV and 1130 MeV. The calculations reproduce well most of the features observed in the experiment.

The high energy thermal models for heavy ion reactions are compared with low energy thermal models for heavy ion reactions. The similarities and essential differences are analyzed.

High-spin states have been studied in ${}_{}{}^{81}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$ using the ${}_{}{}^{56}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}({}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si},2\mathrm{}\mathrm{pn}\gamma ){}_{}{}^{81}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$ reaction at laboratory energies of 103.5 and 108 MeV. $\gamma -\gamma$ coincidence and $\gamma$-ray angular distribution measurements were performed. New states were found at 5353 [${\frac{29}{2}}^{+}$], 5999 [${\frac{31}{2}}^{+}$], 6750 [${\frac{33}{2}}^{+}$], 2448 [${\frac{17}{2}}^{-}$], 2906 [(${\frac{19}{2}}^{-}$)], 3495 [(${\frac{21}{2}}^{-}$)], and 3980 [(${\frac{23}{2}}^{-}$)]. A shape change was seen in the yrast band at the ${\frac{29}{2}}^{+}$ state. Below this level, the band exhibits strong signature splitting and predominant $E2\mathrm{}$ decays. Above it lies a band with almost no signature splitting and predominant $M1\mathrm{}$ decays. The yrare negative parity band shows almost no signature splitting and continues smoothly up to spin ${\frac{23}{2}}^{-}$. The moments of inertia of the positive and negative parity bands are almost the same and increase with spin in a roughly parallel fashion.

Fusion calculations are carried out for ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$+${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ using the coupled-channels scattering formalism with an ingoing-wave boundary condition. The enhancement of the sub-barrier cross section due to couplings to inelastic excitation channels is studied and compared to simple, analytical estimates. At energies above the barrier the combined Coulomb-nuclear interaction significantly alters the distribution of angular momentum absorbed by the compound nucleus.

Following the ideas of the double resonance mechanism we argue that recent measurements of the gamma/particle decay branching ratio in ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$+${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ might indicate the existence of molecular resonances in inelastic channels. To detect molecular states in the elastic channel we suggest that the experiments be repeated at lower energies. To this end, we have calculated the $\gamma$-decay properties of ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$+${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ molecular states in a microscopically founded potential model.

Near-barrier excitation functions for 2n, 3n, 4n, 5n, 2n1p, 3n1p, and 4n1p evaporation from ${}_{}{}^{204}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Rn}$ following the fusion of ${}_{}{}^{35}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cl}$+${}_{}{}^{169}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Tm}$, ${}_{}{}^{48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$+${}_{}{}^{156}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$, and ${}_{}{}^{65}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$+${}_{}{}^{139}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{La}$ are compared between reactions and with statistical decay codes. First and second gamma multiplicity moments were obtained for all three systems at 50 MeV excitation energy. General agreement with statistical decay code predictions is found in all cases.

Results are presented for 350- and 400-MeV ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ inelastic scattering from ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ and ${}_{}{}^{90}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zr}$. The results show excitation of the giant quadrupole, monopole, and dipole resonances. The cross section and peak to continuum ratio are very large for the giant quadrupole resonance. Measured angular distributions agree with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations which use standard collective model form factors. Structure observed in the ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ spectra corresponding to high excitation energies in ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ is shown to arise from projectile pickup reactions.

${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$-nucleon phase shifts are presented in the region 600-1500 MeV/c laboratory kaon momentum. They are obtained by a single-energy phase-shift analysis for the KN $I=1\mathrm{}$ and $I=0\mathrm{}$ states using world data including recently measured $P({\mathrm{K}}^{+}\mathrm{n}\to {\mathrm{K}}^{+}\mathrm{n})$ and $P({\mathrm{K}}^{+}\mathrm{n}\to {\mathrm{K}}^0\mathrm{p})$. The result supports the resonances in the $P_{13}$ and $D_{03}$ waves. Other resonancelike structures have also been found in the $P_{11}$ and $D_{05}$ states, which could be interpreted as new candidates for $Z^{*}$ resonances. In this paper numerical phase shifts are demonstrated as well as their accuracy. These values could be used for future studies on kaon-induced nuclear reactions.

The ($\mathrm{p},\Delta$) reaction has been investigated in the general framework of the distorted-wave Born approximation. By the use of various choices for the spin-isospin transition interaction, $V_{\sigma \tau }(\mathrm{NN}\to \Delta \mathrm{N})$, it has been shown that the data on ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}(\mathrm{p},{\Delta }^{++}){}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ at 1.04 GeV can be reproduced well, both in magnitude and shape, by the one-pion—and—one-rho—exchange potential. Using only the one-pion-exchange potential with the Landau-Migdal-type repulsive term it is found that the magnitude of the parameter $g_{\Delta }^{\prime }$ at high momentum transfer lies below 0.4.

The 500 MeV effective nucleon-nucleon isoscalar interaction is investigated through nonrelativistic folding model analysis of $\overrightarrow{p}$+nucleus elastic scattering data. Three empirical interactions are deduced. The first, obtained from a relativistic-Schrödinger-equation-equivalent form of a phenomenological Dirac optical potential, contains terms which are dependent on the square of the nuclear matter density. A modified version of this interaction is then obtained, in which the density dependence is made explicit. Finally, an optical potential is deduced which depends linearly on the density, resulting in a density-independent nucleon-nucleon effective interaction. Nuclear size information inferred from calculations using these effective interactions is found to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical expectations. The relative merits of each of these three forms of the interaction are discussed.

The probability per $K$ capture for double $K$-shell ionization in the electron capture decay of ${}_{}{}^{85}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$ has been studied by recording coincidences between Rb $K$ x rays and Rb $K\alpha$ x rays produced when the two $K$-shell vacancies are filled. The probability for this decay was found to be (6.0±0.5) × ${10}^{-5\mathrm{}}$, which is a factor of 0.64±0.05 times the recent theoretical prediction by Suzuki and Law. The energy shift of the hypersatellite Rb $K{\alpha }^H$ x ray was found to be 385±28 eV, in agreement with the calculation of Chen, Craseman, and Mark.

We suggest the use of cubic terms in the interacting boson model. It is shown that, examining the classical limit, such cubic terms can give rise to stable, triaxial shapes. Energy spectra are studied in the U(5), O(6), and SU(3) limits. Also, a more realistic case is studied in ${}_{}{}^{104}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$.

We present a model in which core excitations within the framework of the interacting boson model are studied. First, a detailed study of high-spin states and backbending in the even-even ${}_{}{}^{154-164}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Dy}$ nuclei is carried out. We also address the problem of the cutoff in the yrast $B\left(E2\right)$ values in rotational nuclei. Application, again for the even-even ${}_{}{}^{154-164}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Dy}$ nuclei, is performed in detail. We also discuss the intrinsic quadrupole moments and compare them to the existing data. We relate the present description, using the classical limit expressions for a given $\mathrm{sd}$-boson Hamiltonian, to the geometrical study of the even-even Dy nuclei, which also is carried out in detail.

The ground state of the $\alpha$ particle is calculated using a revised version of the Brillouin-Wigner perturbation method, with enhanced variational flexibility. The resulting energy eigenvalue, for the Paris potential, is -25.5 MeV. When Coulomb forces and possible errors are taken into account one establishes an upper bound on the eigenvalue of -24.1 MeV. The derived wave function contains a $D$ state admixture of only 5.36%.

Momentum-space wave function equations are derived for the three-body system of one neutral and two charged particles where the separable interaction is spin and charge independent. The three-body wave function is decomposed so that the equations for the "pure" nuclear components contain the two-nucleon $t$ matrix, as usual, but the equation for the additional Coulomb component is formulated in terms of the Coulomb potential rather than introducing the Coulomb $t$ matrix. The relationship of these equations to the scattering-amplitude equation of Veselova, in which the Coulomb $t$ matrix appears explicitly, as applied to the same problem by Kok et al., is given. After partial-wave decomposition, the wave function equations are solved numerically with partial waves through $l=4\mathrm{}$ retained. The logarithmic singularity that appears when the Coulomb potential is expressed in momentum space is handled for each $l$ by a subtraction technique originated by Lande. Because of the symmetry of the problem, only even values of $l$ arise throughout and only the $l=0\mathrm{}$ and $l=2\mathrm{}$ partial-wave contributions are required to predict the binding energy (and wave-function components) to four significant figures. An order $\alpha$ (fine-structure constant) approximation (i.e., decoupling the Coulomb wave function component from itself) is made to check its validity. It is shown that this $O\left(\alpha \right)$ approximation is equivalent to replacing the Coulomb $t$ matrix by the Coulomb potential in the Veselova equations. The wave functions without Coulomb effects and with Coulomb effects [exact and $O\left(\alpha \right)$] are used to calculate the expectation value of the Coulomb operator to examine perturbation theory, cross check the numerical results, and to clarify the physics. We conclude that the Coulomb interaction can be incorporated easily into momentum-space three-nucleon, bound-state calculations.

A new boson expansion theory based on the random phase approximation is presented. The boson expansions are derived here directly in the random phase approximation representation with the help of a technique that combines the use of the Usui operator with that of a new bosonization procedure, called the term-by-term bosonization method. The present boson expansion theory is constructed by retaining a single collective quadrupole random phase approximation component, a truncation that allows for a perturbative treatment of the whole problem. Both Hermitian, as well as non-Hermitian boson expansions, valid for even nuclei, are obtained.

For ${}_{}{}^{90}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zr}$ and ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ a microscopic one-particle-one-hole plus two-particle-two-hole calculation examines fluid dynamical predictions about a collective twist resonance in finite nuclei at $E\sim 45A^{-\frac{1}{3}}$ MeV. A spin flip mode which strongly competes with the twist in experiments is heavily fragmented, thus allowing experimental detection of the twist.

We investigate the effects of long range correlations on the longitudinal and transverse integrated electron scattering cross sections. We use a schematic model based on the random phase approximation in which the center of mass motion, as well as the giant dipole resonance, is properly described. We show that dipole correlations significantly lower the total electron scattering inelastic cross section in the region of low momentum transfer (0.5-1 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{-1\mathrm{}}$), in agreement with recent experimental data for ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$.