The Doppler-shift-attenuation method has been employed following the ${}_{}{}^{97}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}(\mathrm{p},\mathrm{n}\gamma ){}_{}{}^{97}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Tc}$ reaction at 3.5 MeV to determine lifetimes for 11 states in ${}_{}{}^{97}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Tc}$ and lower limits for 12 additional states. The lifetimes were extracted from singles spectra taken with the aid of an anti-Compton spectrometer at seven angles between 0° and 90° to the beam direction by employing centroid shift analysis of the data. For a number of transitions in ${}_{}{}^{97}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Tc}$, values or limits for $B\left(E1\right)$, $B\left(E2\right)$, and $B\left(M1\right)$ were obtained. The present results are compared with calculations based on the cluster-core coupling model of Bargholtz and Beshai.

A study of inelastic electron scattering from ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ at 180° in a momentum transfer range between $0.7<q<\mathrm{}2.1\mathrm{}$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{-1\mathrm{}}$ has revealed strong excitations of the isobaric analog states of ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$. Transition strenghts to the lowest $4^{-}$, $3^{-}$, $2^{-}$, and $5^{-}$ states with $T=1\mathrm{}$ at $E_x=7-10\mathrm{}$ MeV are extracted. These strengths are compared to the results of inelastic proton scattering and $\beta$-decay experiments, and they are proven to be consistent with each other. The experimental values obtained are compared to the energy weighted sum rule values. The transverse magnetic transition strengths of the $4^{-}$ and $2^{-}$ states are reasonably well reproduced by a shell-model calculation incorporating the core polarization. The same model, however, is insufficient to explain the transverse electric transitions of the $3^{-}$ and $5^{-}$ states.

The neutron spectrum from the decay of the monopole giant resonance in ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ is calculated using the known energy levels of ${}_{}{}^{207}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$. The particle vibrator model is used to assign spins and parities to the measured ${}_{}{}^{207}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ levels, where these were not available from experiments. The result of the Hauser-Feshbach calculation is in excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum, showing that the observed fast neutrons can be completely explained assuming a statistical decay.

Proton energy spectra of the (e,p) reaction in the giant dipole resonance region of ${}_{}{}^{54}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}$ have been measured at 90° in steps of 0.2 MeV of the incident electron energy. The differential cross sections of the ($\gamma$,${\mathrm{p}}_0$+${\mathrm{p}}_1$) and ($\gamma$,p) reactions were deduced from the spectra using $E1$ virtual photon spectra. The cross sections are discussed in terms of isospin splitting in the giant dipole resonance. The proton angular distributions of the (e,${\mathrm{p}}_0$+${\mathrm{p}}_1$) reaction have also been measured with electron energies ranging from 16 to 26 MeV in steps of 1 MeV. The coefficients $A_2$ obtained by fitting the experimental data with a sum of Legendre polynomials, $W\left(\theta \right)=1+A_1{P}_1\left(cos\theta \right)+A_2{P}_2\left(cos\theta \right)$, show a characteristic variation with excitation energy. The coefficients $A_2$ and the ($\gamma$,${\mathrm{p}}_0$+${\mathrm{p}}_1$) cross section are discussed in terms of the direct and semidirect process.

The magnitude of the isospin mixing in the decay of the $T_{>}$ giant dipole resonance has been estimated, using the ($\gamma$, n) and ($\gamma$,p) cross sections available for the medium-weight nuclei ${}_{}{}^{60}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}_{}{}^{88}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$, ${}_{}{}^{89}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Y}$, ${}_{}{}^{90}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zr}$, and ${}_{}{}^{92}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}$. The deduced values show a fair correspondence with the existing data for mixing between compound states. From these results the mean mixing Coulomb matrix elements between compound states could also be derived.

The total cross section for the reaction ${}_{}{}^{89}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Y}(\gamma ,\mathrm{p}){}_{}{}^{88}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$ has been measured; the existence of the coherent $T_{>}$ state is clearly demonstrated. Using our ($\gamma$,p) and the available ($\gamma$,n) results, a strength ratio of the $T_{>}$ to $T_{<}$ component $\frac{S_{>}}{S_{<}}$ equal to 0.13-0.14 is obtained. By determining the cross sections for various proton decay channels, the escape ${\Gamma }^{\uparrow }$ and spreading ${\Gamma }^{\downarrow }$ widths for the $T_{>}$ resonance were deduced. The direct decay probability of the $T_{>}$ state has been found to be $\frac{{\Gamma }^{\uparrow }}{\Gamma }=0.17\mathrm{}\pm 0.03$.

Within a folding procedure, the universal function of the proximity potential is calculated by using the energy density functional of Vautherin and Brink for the Skyrme force interactions. The corrected Thomas-Fermi approximation is used for the nuclear density. Also, the surface energy coefficient in the nuclear binding energy expression (for a spherical nucleus) is calculated for making an estimate of the correction to the Thomas-Fermi kinetic energy density. Judging the performance of the various known Skyrme forces in giving a correct physical behavior of the proximity universal function and the surface energy coefficient, we obtain the correction parameter $\lambda \approx \frac{1}{36}$ for the original Skyrme force and the force SII of Vautherin and Brink.

Atomic excitations are used to obtain information on the course of a nuclear reaction. Employing a semiclassical picture we calculate the emission of $\delta$ electrons and positrons in deep inelastic nuclear reactions for the example of U+U collisions incorporating nuclear trajectories resulting from two different nuclear friction models. The emission spectra exhibit characteristic deviations from those expected for elastic Coulomb scattering. The theoretical probabilities are compared with recent experimental data by Backe et al. A simple model is used to estimate the influence of a threebody breakup of the compound system upon atomic excitations.

Multiple-particle $\gamma$-ray coincidence techniques have been used to study the high spin structure of ${}_{}{}^{75}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ excited through the ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$(${}_{}{}^{39}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$,3pn) reaction at $E=120\mathrm{}$ MeV. From $\gamma$-ray angular distribution and $\gamma -\gamma$ coincidence experiments two $\Delta I=1\mathrm{}$ bands were found. These bands are interpreted as being built on the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{-}\mathrm{}\left[301\right]\mathrm{}$ and ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}\mathrm{}\left[422\right]\mathrm{}$ Nilsson orbitals, which have been identified in adjacent odd-$A$ nuclei in this region.

Inclusive and coincidence measurements have been performed to study symmetric products from the reactions 74—186 MeV ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$+${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, 141 MeV ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$+${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, and 153 MeV ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$+${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$. The binary decay of the composite system has been verified. Energy spectra, angular distributions, and fragment correlations are presented. The total kinetic energies for the symmetric products from these very light composite systems are compared to liquid drop model calculations and fission systematics.

Excitation functions for fusion of ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$+${}_{}{}^{40,44,48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ have been measured over a range of energies from below to well above the classical fusion barrier. Strong isotopic effects are observed in both the sub- and above-barrier cross sections, which are qualitatively consistent with suggestions of the importance of transfer reactions in the fusion process.

Mass and kinetic energy distributions have been measured for the fission of ${}_{}{}^{182}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{W}$ at an excitation energy above the fission barrier $E^{*}-E_f\approx 20$ MeV. A primary motivation for these studies was to search for evidence of asymmetric mass division and anomalously low total kinetic energy release, as predicted by scission-point model calculations which include deformed (Strutinsky) shell effects. Double kinetic energy measurements of coincident fission fragments were performed, from which fragment mass distributions were derived. From the data it is concluded that at this excitation energy, liquid-drop behavior dominates the fission of ${}_{}{}^{182}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{W}$ and any shell strength, if present, is less than 20 percent of full strength.

Angular distributions for the scattering of 0.8 GeV polarized protons from the ground state rotational band in ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ are reported. Cross sections and analyzing powers for protons exciting these states were measured with a high resolution spectrometer. Coupled channels and distorted wave Born approximation analyses of scattering data for the $0^{+}$, $2^{+}$, $4^{+}$, and experimentally unresolved $6^{+}$ states are presented. The observed cross section data for the $0^{+}$, $2^{+}$, and $4^{+}$ states are reproduced quite well with the coupled channels calculations, and the large hexadecapole deformation reported previously is confirmed. The distorted wave Born approximation results are equally good for the $0^{+}$ angular distribution, but are a significantly poorer representation of the cross section data for the $2^{+}$ and $4^{+}$ states. Both calculations do equally well in explaining the $0^{+}$ analyzing power data and both fail to explain the $4^{+}$ analyzing power data past the region of the first maximum. The coupled channels results do a better job in explaining the $2^{+}$ analyzing power data. The multipole moments of the deformed optical potential used in the coupled channels calculations are related to those of the matter distributions by Satchler's theorem. These are compared to the moments found using other hadronic probes, those of the charge distribution determined by electromagnetic measurements, and to moments from shell model and Hartree-Fock calculations.

We treat the response in a finite nucleus to spin-isospin sensitive probes in the transverse spin channel. Since linear momentum is here not a good quantum number, we adopt a formalism suggested by Toki and Weise, which incorporates an expansion in partial waves of good nuclear total angular momentum. The pion self-energy $\Pi$ is nonlocal in momentum space; iterations of this quantity give the response function $R$, which is obtained by solving a matrix integral equation exactly (using numerical methods). We use $R$ to renormalize the matrix element of a transverse spinisospin probe and find large effects near the critical momentum region ($q\sim 2-3m_{\pi }$) and almost no effects for a small momentum transfer. We also find very important effects of the nonlocality in momentum space. We apply our formalism to the level with $J^P=1^{+}$; $T=1\mathrm{}$ in ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$. The results are compared with currently used approximations: the local density approximation, the infinite nuclear matter approximation, and the approximations of Toki and Weise. All these approximations fail to reproduce the exact results, especially for $q\to 0$ and near the critical momentum region. Using the infinite nuclear matter approximation, we find the best agreement for the equivalent constant density $\overline{\rho }=0.08\mathrm{}$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{-3\mathrm{}}$ for low $q$; this agreement is not found, however, for any particular value of $\overline{\rho }$ when the value of $q$ is either tiny or big. The approximation of Toki and Weise cannot be reliably used in our case, except possibly for $q\approx m_{\pi }$. The finite-nucleus results obtained are compared with the corresponding longitudinal response. The great similarity of the last two quantities, in contrast with Fermi gas estimates, is partially supported by new experimental data.

The pion-${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ elastic scattering is studied via a parameter-free theoretically deduced optical potential based on a four-$\alpha$-particle model for ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$. The differential and total cross sections are calculated from the (3,3) resonance to the low energy region. The results are compared with the experimental data, and satisfactory agreement is obtained.

We have measured the spin parameters $D_{\mathrm{SS}}$, $D_{\mathrm{LS}}$, $D_{\mathrm{SL}}$, $D_{\mathrm{LL}}$ ($K_{\mathrm{SS}}$, $K_{\mathrm{LS}}$, $K_{\mathrm{SL}}$, $K_{\mathrm{LL}}$), and $P$ from 18° to 134° c.m. for pp→pp at 597, 647, 699, 750, and 800 MeV. (We also include four $D_{\mathrm{NN}}$ points that cross-check previous data.) The pp elastic phase shifts are now overdetermined near 597, 647, and 800 MeV and well determined near 699 and 750 MeV. The data are in satisfactory agreement with preexisting phase shift analyses and show no new energy dependence.

The problem of ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$-nucleus scattering and charge exchange is treated in a multiple scattering (optical model) formalism. Comparison is made with existing data and fair agreement is found between theory and experiment.

The decay of the isotope ${}_{}{}^{188}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Tl}$ ($T_{\frac{1}{2}}=71\mathrm{}\pm 1$ s) was studied via conversion-electron, gamma, gamma-gamma, and gamma-conversion-electron measurements. Levels of ${}_{}{}^{188}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Hg}$ were deduced. Two bands with quite different deformation were established. One band is built on a near spherical ground state and the other band is built on a well-deformed shape with an excited $0_2^2$ band head at 824.5 keV. The bands cross and coexist above and below the crossing point. Their crossing explains the unusual behavior of the moment of inertia of the yrast cascade.

Beta-delayed two-proton radioactivity has been observed for the two nuclei ${}_{}{}^{22}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$ and ${}_{}{}^{26}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{P}$. Protonproton coincidence experiments performed at small and large angles show that the dominant two-proton emission mechanism is a sequential process. Decay schemes have been determined for each isotope.

The isobaric multiplet mass equation and existing spectroscopic information have been used to establish systematics for $E_C^{\mathrm{}\left(1\right)\mathrm{}}$ and $E_C^{\mathrm{}\left(2\right)\mathrm{}}$ of the nuclear Coulomb energy and extend the concept of isobaric multiplets in a coherent manner up to $A=60\mathrm{}$. Collateral information on masses of $T_z=-1,-2\mathrm{}$ nuclei and radii is also presented.