Isoscalar giant resonances of arbitrary multipolarity in deformed nuclei are studied with the help of the variational principle within the framework of the nuclear elastic vibration. Particular attention is given to the fragmentation of the giant monopole and quadrupole resonances. It is shown how the nuclear surface deformation contributes to the fragmentation through the coupling between the monopole and quadrupole modes of oscillation. Simple formulas for the giant resonance energies of deformed nuclei are obtained for both axial and nonaxial deformations. Surface tension and Coulomb repulsion are included in the course of formulation but practical evaluations are made without them. Most numerical results are concerned with well-deformed nuclei such as those around A=150.

We discuss the reliability of the determination of the neutron and proton effective charges in nuclear collective models from experimental effective neutron and proton matrix elements for the $0_1^{+}$ to $2_1^{+}$ transition

The low-lying energy levels up to 814 keV in ${}_{}{}^{157}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$ were Coulomb excited with 3.4–4.4 MeV protons. The branching ratios and the reduced quadrupole transition probabilities B(E2) of energy levels at 434, 517, 702, 748, and 814 keV have been measured for the first time using direct Coulomb excitation technique.

Spin distributions of compound nuclei formed by heavy-ion fusion reactions near the barrier are calculated, based on a direct reaction description we recently developed. The mean values of the distributions thus calculated are found to fit the observed data very well.

Peaks in cross sections for the NN→NNπ reaction at low relative momentum for the final nucleon-nucleon pair are successfully explained using ${}_{}{}^1{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}_0^{}{}_{}{}^{}$ and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}_1^{}{}_{}{}^{}$ final state interactions. Both singlet and triplet final state interactions are important and can interfere dramatically in certain spin observables.

Using the Weizsacher-Williams method of virtual quanta, total cross section estimates for the photoproduction of neutral subthreshold pions in carbon-carbon collisions at incident energies below 300 MeV/nucleon are made. Comparisons with recent experimental data indicate that the photoproduction mechanism makes an insignificant contribution to these measured cross sections.

The gamma-ray multiplicity and the fusion cross-section data, together, are used to determine the effective radius employed in a previously developed inversion procedure. Implications on the relationship between the gamma-ray multiplicity and the average angular momentum are pointed out.

We calculate the energy weighted inclusive inelastic cross section for the a-a scattering at medium energies. The damping of nuclear excitation energies at large momentum transfers, due to coherent multiple collisions, is found.

The effects of residual coupling interactions on the newly discovered decay ${}_{}{}^{222}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ are investigated. The couplings to the low-lying collective excitations of ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ produce an order of magnitude enhancement in the tunneling probability. A new possible mechanism for this decay is discussed whereby a ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ fragment is transformed into ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ by picking up two neutrons as it tunnels out.

The quadrupole moment ratio of ${}_{}{}^{107}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ag}_{}^{\mathrm{m}}{}_{}{}^{}$ to ${}_{}{}^{109}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ag}_{}^{\mathrm{m}}{}_{}{}^{}$ has been determined as Q(${}^{107}$${\mathrm{Ag}}^{\mathrm{m}}$)/Q(${\mathrm{}}^{109}$Ag ${}_{}{}^{\mathrm{m}}{}_{}{}^{}$)=0.960(10) with the level mixing resonance on oriented nuclei technique. Using the previously established electric field gradient of silver in zinc, Q${(\mathrm{}}^{107}$${\mathrm{Ag}}^{\mathrm{m}}$)=0.98(11) b has been deduced. The results are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.

We report the first study of ${}_{}{}^{212}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ra}$ by using a variety of in-beam techniques through the ${}_{}{}^{204}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$${(}^{12}$C,4 roman n) sup 212—Ra reaction. The level scheme of ${}_{}{}^{212}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ra}$ up to a spin of 16 including 14 levels and 15 transitions has been established. Two isomeric states with half-lives of 10.9 μs and 0.85 μs were found and their g factors were measured by the stroboscopic method. Configurations of the levels up to $I^{\pi }$${=13\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$ have been assigned tentatively by the measured g factors, the systematics in the ${}_{}{}^{210}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Rn}$ isotone, and the excitation energies estimated by the weak coupling of two-neutron hole states to the levels in ${}_{}{}^{214}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ra}$.

We calculate the coherent production of pions from subthreshold to relativistic energies in heavy-ion collisions using a quantum, microscopic, many-body model. For the first time, in this approach, we use harmonic oscillator wave functions to describe shell-model information. The theoretical quantum mechanical results obtained for the pion spectra represent an important improvement over our previous microscopic, many-body calculations.

Monopole transitions to the first $0^{+}$ excited state, induced by proton and α scattering on ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$, ${}_{}{}^{24}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$, and ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$, have been studied at several incident energies. The measured differential cross sections are well described only by using transition potentials obtained by folding a density-dependent effective interaction into mass transition densities.

Measurements of the differential cross sections for the ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}(\gamma$,n${)}^3$He and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}(\gamma$,p${)}^3$H reactions have been performed for photon energies in the 100–360 MeV region. Results were obtained for nucleon center-of-mass angles close to 60°, 90°, and 120° by detecting the recoiling nuclei with a magnetic spectrometer. Both (γ,p) and (γ,n) cross sections are forward peaked and fall rapidly as a function of photon energy. The (γ,p) to (γ,n) cross section ratio is in the range 0.7–1.3 at each angle and tends to increase with photon energy. The data are compared with a calculation by Gari and Hebach which includes meson exchange contributions. The magnitude and energy dependence of the cross sections are approximately reproduced, but the theory fails to describe the angular dependence and the cross section ratios.

We give an approximate closed form solution to the three-body model of the optical potential which is valid in the case of arbitrary medium energy projectiles. Binding effects as well as off-shell corrections to the underlying projectile-bound-target-nucleon amplitude may be accounted for in that way. Our resulting optical potential will thus comprise a very useful tool, in regard to more realistic nuclear scattering calculations with, e.g., nucleons and/or α particles as projectiles.

The neutron total cross sections of natural calcium and iron have been measured at 35.3, 40.3, and 50.4 MeV with an overall precision better than 3%. The data suggest a smooth energy dependence. Comparisons with optical model predictions are made. Separation of total cross section into elastic and nonelastic components provides a clue for improvement of optical model parametrizations. A measurement of the total cross section on carbon at 50.4 MeV is also reported.

The inelastic scattering of 64.8 MeV protons has been studied on the stable even ${}_{}{}^{74\mathrm{-}82}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Se}$ isotopes. The inelastically scattered protons were momentum analyzed in a magnetic spectrograph with a resulting energy resolution of approximately 20 keV. Levels up to the excitation energy of about 5 MeV were investigated. Many new levels were observed for the isotopes studied. The angular distributions obtained were compared with the predictions of distorted-wave Born approximation and coupled-channels calculations and a number of new spin assignments were proposed. Several $4^{+}$ states with comparable strengths were found at about $E_x$=2.0–5.0 MeV, showing large fragmentation of octupole and hexadecapole transition strengths, in contrast to the case of Zn isotopes. The distributions of the transition strengths for the $2^{+}$, $3^{\mathrm{-}}$, and $4^{+}$ states were compared with the theoretical calculations based on the random-phase-approximation model for spherical nuclei.

Deep inelastically scattered α particles on ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ have been measured with coincident protons and α particles in the reaction plane at $E_{\alpha }$=140 MeV. The low energy proton spectra show evaporationlike patterns with angle dependent slope parameters. The coincident α-particle spectra could be measured up to higher energies than for protons. They show up contributions from knockout reactions. All data are in accordance with the assumption of statistical independence of the emission process and the four-momentum transfer. The preequilibrium region of the proton yield is well described by the exciton coalescence model.