$\alpha$-, $\beta$-, and proton-decay energies have been combined with TITAN mass values for ${}^{150–157}\mathrm{Yb}$ to expand and refine the mass surface in the proton-rich $Z=70–82$ region. The calculations were performed using the Atomic Mass Evaluation (AME) algorithm, resulting in 11 new ground-state masses and uncertainty reductions of nine others. The new information allows the determination of the two-proton drip line for elements between Ir and Pb and provides indications of possible new candidates for two-proton emission. In addition, we examined binding energies in this region for Thomas-Ehrman shifts, so far only visible for light nuclides.

Capture cross section of formation heavy nuclei and superheavy nuclei with charge number $Z=84–118$ are systematically studied based on an empirical coupled-channel model, in which different barrier distribution functions are constructed according to the different coupling modes between target and projectile. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data for most of reaction systems. The reason for the difference between the theoretical results and the experimental values have been analyzed.

The possibility of the dependence of the nuclear caloric curve on neutron excess sets a limit on the accuracy of our knowledge of the nuclear equation of state, and thus impacts predictive capabilities of nuclear reaction and nuclear astrophysics models. To date, theoretical models have not reached consensus on the magnitude or sign on the asymmetry dependence. To provide constraints, we have measured evaporated particles and heavy residues for complete and incomplete fusion-evaporation reactions in inverse kinematics. The temperatures extracted from the observed light charged particles tend to favor higher temperatures for the neutron-rich fused systems, though they are near the limits of the systematic uncertainty. The present measurement may be used as an upper limit to constrain the asymmetry dependence of the nuclear caloric curve.

Results for observables related to the secondary particle production process in proton-nucleus spallation reactions at low beam incident energy (100–250 MeV) are shown. The energy and angular distributions of the residual nucleus are determined in the context of our multicollisional Monte Carlo intranuclear cascade model. The mechanism of proton-nucleus reactions is conventionally described as a sequence of two stages: the rapid intranuclear cascade phase and the slow particle evaporation step. In this work we focus on the rapid phase considering the nucleon effective mass as an effect of the many-body nuclear interactions and the intranuclear mean field. This procedure represents a more realistic scenario to obtain the particles' multiplicity generated in spallation reactions with light-mass target nuclei in a low-energy range. We focused our attention on target nuclei of macro elements, such as carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and calcium, and trace elements such as iron, copper, zinc, bromine and selenium, which are the most frequent compounds of the organic material. The choice of these target nuclei is due to our expectancy that our results can work as a preliminary insight for further theoretical approaches, specially taking into account nuclear effects due to the interaction of the particles of the beam with the organic tissue.

The ${}^4\mathrm{He}$ nucleus is a well bound and highly correlated four-nucleon system that is also found in the form of $\alpha$ clusters as a substructure in nuclear many-body systems. The standard single-particle shell model cannot represent these four-body correlations. It is highly desirable to find a simple way to identify and distinguish these fundamental structures without large-scale computations. In this paper, we investigate with intrinsic Slater determinants as trial states in how far these two competing pictures prevail in the ground states of ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$. The trial states can describe both the $j\text{−}j$ coupling shell-model and $\alpha$-cluster configurations in a unified way. One-body density distributions of the trial states are calculated and compared to elastic scattering cross section data. The parameters of the trial state are chosen to reproduce the experimental charge radii. A well developed cluster structure is characterized by an enhancement of the differential elastic scattering cross sections, as well as the elastic charge form factors around the first peak positions. The density profiles of the internal regions can also be probed at higher momentum transfer regions beyond the second minimum. With these trial states one can visualize the competition between cluster and shell structure in an intuitive and simple way.

Three-nucleon (3N) interactions are key for an accurate solution of the nuclear many-body problem. However, fully taking into account 3N forces constitutes a computational challenge and hence approximate treatments are commonly employed. The method of normal ordering has proven to be a powerful tool that allows to systematically include 3N interactions in an efficient way, but traditional normal-ordering frameworks require the representation of 3N interactions in a large single-particle basis, typically necessitating a truncation of 3N matrix elements. While this truncation has only a minor impact for light and medium-mass nuclei, its effects become sizable for heavier systems and hence limit the scope of ab initio calculations. In this work, we present a novel normal-ordering framework that allows to circumvent this limitation by performing the normal ordering directly in a Jacobi basis. We discuss in detail the new framework, benchmark it against established results, and present calculations for ground-state energies and charge radii of heavy nuclei, such as ${}^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$ and ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$.

Elemental fragmentation cross sections (EFCSs) of stable and unstable nuclides have been investigated with various projectile-target combinations at a wide range of incident energies. These data are critical to constrain and develop the theoretical reaction models and to study the propagation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR). In this work, we present a new EFCS measurement for ${}^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ on carbon at 218 MeV/nucleon performed at the Heavy Ion Research Facility (HIRFL-CSR) complex in Lanzhou. The impact of the target thickness has been well corrected to derive an accurate EFCS. Our present results with charge changes $\mathrm{\Delta }Z=1-6$ are compared to the previous measurements and to the predictions from the models modified EPAX2, EPAX3, FRACS, ABRABLA07, NUCFRG2, and IQMD coupled with GEMINI ($\mathrm{IQMD}+\mathrm{GEMINI}$). All the models fail to describe the odd-even staggering strength in the elemental distribution, with the exception of the $\mathrm{IQMD}+\mathrm{GEMINI}$ model, which can reproduce the EFCSs with an accuracy of better than 3.5% for $\mathrm{\Delta }Z\le 5$. The $\mathrm{IQMD}+\mathrm{GEMINI}$ analysis shows that the odd-even staggering in EFCSs occurs in the sequential statistical decay stage rather than in the initial dynamical collision stage. This offers a reasonable approach to understand the underlying mechanism of fragmentation reactions.

The equation of state with quantum statistics corrections is used for particle number fluctuations $\omega$ of isotopically symmetric nuclear matter with interparticle van der Waals and Skyrme local density interactions. The fluctuations, $\omega \propto 1/\mathcal{K}$, are analytically derived through the isothermal incompressibility $\mathcal{K}$ at first order over a small quantum-statistics parameter. Our approximate analytical results appear to be in good agreement with the results of accurate numerical calculations. These results are also close to those obtained by using more accurate Tolman and Rowlinson expansions of the incompressibility $\mathcal{K}$ near the critical point. A more general formula for fluctuations $\omega$, improved at the critical point, was obtained for a finite particle number average $\langle N\rangle$ by neglecting, for simplicity, small quantum statistics effects. It is shown that for a large dimensionless parameter, $\alpha \propto {\mathcal{K}}^2\langle N\rangle /{\mathcal{K}}^{\prime \prime }$, where ${\mathcal{K}}^{\prime \prime }$ is the second derivative of the incompressibility $\mathcal{K}$ as function of the average particle density $n$, far from the critical point $(\alpha \gg 1)$, one finds the traditional asymptote, $\omega \propto 1/\mathcal{K}$, for the fluctuations $\omega$. For a small parameter, $\alpha \ll 1$, near the critical point, where $\mathcal{K}=0$ and $\alpha =0$, one obtains another asymptote of $\omega$. These fluctuations, having a maximum near the critical point as function of the average density $n$, for finite values of $\langle N\rangle$ are finite and relatively small, in contrast to the results of the traditional calculations.

We introduce a fast and simple method of computing cumulants of net-proton or net-charge fluctuations in event-by-event hydrodynamic simulations of heavy-ion collisions. One evaluates the mean numbers of particles in every hydrodynamic event. Cumulants are then expressed as a function of these mean numbers. We implement the corrections due to global conservation laws. The method is tested using ideal hydrodynamic simulations of $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200A$ GeV with the NeXSPheRIO code. Results are in good agreement with experimental data on net-proton and net-charge fluctuations by the STAR Collaboration.

Measurements in heavy flavor azimuthal angular correlation provide insight into the production, propagation, and hadronization of heavy flavor jets in ultrarelativistic hadronic and heavy-ion collisions. These measurements across different colliding systems, such as $p\text{−}A$ and $A\text{−}A$, help us isolate the possible modification in particle production due to cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects and the formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), respectively. Jet correlation studies give direct access to the initial parton dynamics produced in these collisions. This article studies the azimuthal angular correlations of electrons from heavy flavor hadron decays in $pp, p$-Pb, and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV using $\text{PYTHIA8}+\text{Angantyr}$. We study the production of heavy flavor jets with different parton level processes, including multiparton interactions, different color reconnection prescriptions, and initial and final state radiation processes. In addition, we add the hadron-level processes, i.e., Bose-Einstein and rescattering effects, to quantify the effect due to these processes. The heavy flavor electron correlations are calculated in the different trigger and associated $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ intervals to characterize the impact of hard and soft scattering in the various colliding systems. The yields and the sigmas associated with the near-side (NS) and away-side (AS) correlation peaks are calculated and studied as a function of associated $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ for different trigger $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges.

The in-medium modification of the spectral function of the ${\eta }^{\prime }$ meson with and without the spatial momentum is studied with the $T\rho$ approximation by employing two phenomenological models for the ${\eta }^{\prime }N$ scattering; one is called coupled channels model and the other the $N\left(1895\right)$-dominance model. In the former model, the ${\eta }^{\prime }N$ scattering amplitude is calculated in the unitarized coupled channel approach involving the ${\eta }^{\prime }N$ channel, while in the latter model the ${\eta }^{\prime }N$ scattering process is dominated by the $N\left(1895\right)$ resonance with the spin and parity $J^P=1/2^{-}$. In the coupled channels model, one single peak of the in-medium ${\eta }^{\prime }$ mode appears in the spectral function and the peak position shifts to higher energies along with the increase of the nuclear density reflecting the repulsive ${\eta }^{\prime }N$ scattering length of the unitarized coupled channel amplitude. On the other hand, two branches related to the ${\eta }^{\prime }$ and $N\left(1895\right)$-hole modes appear in the $N\left(1895\right)$-dominance model. In both models, the shift of the peak position and the width in the spectral function are a few tens of $\mathrm{MeV}$ at the normal nuclear density for the ${\eta }^{\prime }$ meson at rest in the nuclear medium. Once the spatial momentum is turned on, the peak positions in the spectral function approach the energies without the nuclear medium effect. Particularly, in the $N\left(1895\right)$-dominance model, the peak strength of the $N\left(1895\right)$-hole mode gets smaller with the finite momentum and the spectral function comes to have one single peak.

Background: The fundamental question is how the hyperon plays a role in the nuclear structure. It is of particular importance, especially in the light mass region, to verify the structure change when $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ particle(s) is added to normal nuclei.

Purpose: The ground state of ${}^8\mathrm{Be}$ has been known to have a well-developed $\alpha \text{−}\alpha$ cluster structure, whereas ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ has a mixed structure of three $\alpha$ clusters and $jj$-coupling shell model, where $\alpha$ clusters are partially broken. Adding $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ particle(s) could induce the structure change. We compare the Be and C cases.

Methods: Using the antisymmetrized quasicluster model (AQCM), the $\alpha$-cluster states and $jj$-coupling shell-model states of ${}^8\mathrm{Be}$ and ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ are prepared on the same footing, and we add $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ particles. The cluster-shell competition in the ground state can be well described with this model. Using AQCM, we calculate ${}^8\mathrm{Be}, {}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^9\mathrm{Be}, {}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^{10}\mathrm{Be}, {}^{12}\mathrm{C}, {}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^{13}\mathrm{C}$, and ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^{14}\mathrm{C}$.

Results: By adding one or two $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ particle(s), the ground state of ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ approaches the $jj$-coupling shell model side. On the other hand, in the Be case, although the $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ particle(s) shrinks the $\alpha \text{−}\alpha$ distance, the breaking effect of the cluster structure is rather limited.

Conclusions: The spin-orbit interaction is the driving force of breaking the $\alpha$ clusters, and whether the glue-like effect of $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ particle(s) attracts the cluster inside the range of this interaction is crucial. In ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^{14}\mathrm{C}$, the breaking of $\alpha$ clusters in ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ is much enhanced by the addition of the $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ particles than the case of free ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$. We also found that breaking $\alpha$ clusters in the ground state of ${}_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }}{}^{14}\mathrm{C}$ affects the excited state with the pure cluster structure.

Measurements in heavy-flavor azimuthal angular correlation provide insight into the production, propagation, and hadronization of heavy-flavor jets in ultrarelativistic hadronic and heavy-ion collisions. These measurements across different particle species help to isolate the possible modification in particle production and fragmentation due to different mass and quark contents. Jet correlation studies give direct access to the initial parton dynamics produced in these collisions. This article studies the azimuthal angular correlations of heavy-flavor hadrons (charm and beauty mesons and charm baryons) in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV using pythia8. We study the production of heavy-flavor jets with different parton-level processes, including multiparton interactions and different color reconnection prescriptions. The heavy-flavor hadrons correlations are calculated in the different triggers and associated $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ intervals to characterize the impact of hard and soft scattering. The yields and the widths associated with the near-side (NS) and away-side (AS) correlation peaks are calculated and studied as a function of associated $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ for different trigger $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges.

The method developed by van Dijk, Nogami, and Toyama for obtaining the time-evolved wave function of a decaying quantum system is generalized to potentials and initial wave functions of noncompact support. The long time asymptotic behavior is extracted and employed to predict the timescale for the onset of nonexponential decay. The method is illustrated with a Gaussian initial wave function leaking through Eckart's potential barrier on the half-line.

Shape and multiple shape coexistence of nuclei are investigated throughout the nuclear chart by calculating the low-lying spectra and the quadrupole shape invariants for even-even nuclei with $10\le Z\le 104$ from the proton drip line to the neutron one within a five-dimensional collective Hamiltonian based on the covariant density functional PC-PK1. The quadrupole shape invariants are implemented to characterize the quadrupole deformations of low-lying $0^{+}$ states and predict nuclear mass regions of shape and multiple shape coexistence. The predicted low-lying spectra and the shape or multishape coexisting nuclei are overall in good agreement with the available experimental results. In addition, the present work predicts a wealth of nuclei with shape or multiple shape coexistence in the neutron-rich regions. The connection between the strong $E0$ transition strength and the occurrence of shape coexistence is analyzed systemically. It is found that nuclei with pronounced shape coexistence generally have strong $E0$ transition strengths, while the reverse may not be true. The present results can serve as useful guidelines for experimental searches and theoretical studies of shape and multiple shape coexistence, especially in neutron-rich regions.

Charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering is studied in the quasielastic region with various relativistic nuclear models that include the relativistic Hartree, the nonlinear $\sigma$, the quark-meson coupling, and the chiral quark-meson coupling models. Theoretical results at several kinematics are compared with experimental data measured from MiniBooNE, T2K, MicroBooNE, and SciBooNE. While the theoretical double-differential cross sections in terms of the kinetic energy and polar angle of outgoing muon describe the T2K data well, the single-differential cross sections in terms of energy loss and the total cross sections of incident neutrino energy do not properly describe MiniBooNE, MicroBooNE, and SciBooNE data. Additionally, differences from the relativistic nuclear models are examined in detail by comparing with the experimental data. In particular, the MiniBooNE data are not consistent with MicroBooNE and SciBooNE data, where the incident neutrino energies are below 1 GeV.

Background: Very recently, the PREX and CREX collaborations presented skin values $r_{\mathrm{skin}}^{208}\left(\mathrm{newPREX}2\right)=0.278\pm 0.078\left(\exp \right)\pm 0.012(\mathrm{theor}.)\mathrm{fm}$ and $r_{\mathrm{skin}}^{48}=0.121\pm 0.026\left(\exp \right)\pm 0.024\left(\mathrm{model}\right)$, respectively. We recently determined a neutron-skin value $r_{\mathrm{skin}}^{208}=0.278\pm 0.035\mathrm{fm}$ from measured reaction cross sections ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{R}}\left(\exp \right)$ of $p+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ scattering in a range of incident energies $10\lesssim E_{\mathrm{in}}\lesssim 100$ MeV where the chiral (Kyushu) $g$-matrix folding model is reliable for ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}+{}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ scattering. The data ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{R}}\left(\exp \right)$ are available for proton scattering on ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}^{40,48}\mathrm{Ca}$, and ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ targets.

Purpose: Our first aim is to test the Kyushu $g$-matrix folding model for $p+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ scattering in $20\lesssim E_{\mathrm{in}}\lesssim 180$ MeV. Our second aim is to determine skin values $r_{\mathrm{skin}}$ and matter and neutron radii, $r_{\mathrm{m}}$ and $r_{\mathrm{n}}$, for ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}^{40,48}\mathrm{Ca}$, and ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ from the ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{R}}\left(\exp \right)$.

Methods: Our method is the Kyushu $g$-matrix folding model with the densities scaled from the D1S-GHFB+AMP densities, where D1S-GHFB+AMP stands for Gogny-D1S HFB (GHFB) with angular momentum projection (AMP).

Results: As for proton scattering, we find that our model is reliable in $20\lesssim E_{\mathrm{in}}\lesssim 180$ MeV. For ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, the skin value deduced from ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{R}}\left(\exp \right)$ in $20\lesssim E_{\mathrm{in}}\lesssim 180$ MeV is $r_{\mathrm{skin}}^{208}\left({\sigma }_{\mathrm{R}}\right)=0.299\pm 0.020$ fm. Our results on $r_{\mathrm{skin}}$ are compared with the previous works.

Conclusion: Our result $r_{\mathrm{skin}}^{208}\left({\sigma }_{\mathrm{R}}\right)=0.299\pm 0.020$ fm agrees with $r_{\mathrm{skin}}^{208}\left(\mathrm{PREX}2\right)=0.283\pm 0.071$ fm. In addition, our result $r_{\mathrm{skin}}^{48}=0.103\pm 0.022$ fm is consistent with the CREX value.

We study low-energy scattering of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ baryons from the perspective of quantum information science, focusing on the correlation between entanglement minimization and the appearance of accidental symmetries. The baryon transforms as an octet under the $\mathrm{SU}\left(3\right)$ flavor symmetry and its interactions below the pion threshold are described by contact operators in an effective field theory (EFT) of QCD. Despite there being 64 channels in the 2-to-2 scattering, only six independent operators in the EFT are predicted by $\mathrm{SU}\left(3\right)$. We show that successive entanglement minimization in $\mathrm{SU}\left(3\right)$-symmetric channels are correlated with increasingly large emergent symmetries in the EFT. In particular, we identify scattering channels whose entanglement suppression are indicative of emergent $\mathrm{SU}\left(6\right), \mathrm{SO}\left(8\right), \mathrm{SU}\left(8\right)$, and $\mathrm{SU}\left(16\right)$ symmetries. We also observe the appearance of non-relativistic conformal invariance in channels with unnaturally large scattering lengths. Improved precision from lattice simulations could help determine the degree of entanglement suppression, and consequently the amount of accidental symmetry, in low-energy QCD.

Here we study the quark orbital angular momentum of the ground octet baryons employing an extended chiral constituent quark model, within which the baryon wave functions are taken to be superposition of the traditional $qqq$ and the $qqqq\overline{q}$ higher Fock components. Coupling between the two configurations is estimated using the ${}^{3}P_0$ quark-antiquark creation mechanism, and the corresponding coupling strength is determined by fitting the sea flavor asymmetry of the nucleon. The obtained numerical results show that the quark angular momentum of the nucleon, $\mathrm{\Sigma }, \mathrm{\Lambda }$, and $\mathrm{\Xi }$ hyperons, are in the range 0.10–0.30. In addition, the quark angular momentum of all the hyperons are a little bit smaller than that of the nucleon. And the octet baryons spin fractions taken by the intrinsic quark orbital angular momentum could be up to $60\%$ in present model.