The inelastic scattering of protons by ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ leading to a resonance at $E_x$∼14 MeV was studied at an incident energy of 65.1 MeV with an energy resolution of 23 keV. The resonance was found to consist of many discrete states, most of which were $2^{+}$ states, and exhausted 8% of the energy-weighted sum rule. Octupole strength of 1.8% of the energy-weighted sum rule was found, 4 times smaller than that observed in electron scattering.

New differential cross section data for inelastic neutron scattering to the first three excited states of ${}_{}{}^{89}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Y}$ at $E_{\mathrm{n}=11\mathrm{}}$ MeV are studied using a microscopic folding model and three energy- and density-dependent effective interactions. Results are also presented for the corresponding transitions in inelastic proton scattering at 14.7, 24.5, and 61.2 MeV. Transition densities were obtained from a combination of available inelastic electron-scattering data and theoretical considerations. The calculated angular distributions provide a reasonable description of the experimental data for the predominantly quadrupole (ΔJ=2), ${(1/2\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$→${(3/2\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$ ($E_x$=1.509 MeV) and ${(1/2\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$→${(5/2\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$ ($E_x$=1.745 MeV) transitions in the target. It is shown that the neutron scattering data for these two transitions are sensitive to the shape differences in the transition densities suggested by theory and electron scattering. The theoretical results for the predominantly ΔJ=5, ${(1/2\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$→${(9/2\mathrm{}}^{+}$ ($E_x$=0.909 MeV) transition significantly underestimate the proton and neutron scattering cross sections at $E_{\mathrm{p}<25\mathrm{}}$ MeV and $E_{\mathrm{n}=11\mathrm{}}$ MeV, but provide a reasonable description of the proton scattering data for this transition at $E_{\mathrm{p}=61.2\mathrm{}}$ MeV.

Resonance structure in the ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}+\mathrm{n}$ system has been investigated by performing neutron total cross section and capture γ-ray measurements. A detailed analysis of resonance parameters was carried out up to a neutron energy of 2.75 MeV. Level densities were determined for s- and p-wave resonances, as well as neutron strength functions and partial radiative widths. The neutron strengths are compared with existing model calculations. The neutron width of at least one T=(3/2 level has been determined, providing a measure of isobaric spin mixing. Whereas other workers previously reported a strong correlation between the reduced neutron widths (${\Gamma }_{\mathrm{n}{}^l}$) and total radiative widths, we observe no significant correlation between ${\Gamma }_{\mathrm{n}{}^l}$ and the partial radiative widths for ground state transitions. We conclude that radiative capture in ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}+\mathrm{n}$ does not proceed via a simple valence mechanism, but must involve several competing doorway states. The observed M1 strength in ${}_{}{}^{29}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ is lower than that reported for ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ from inelastic electron scattering, suggesting either a considerable fragmentation or a significant reduction due to the presence of the additional neutron.

Methods of extracting the azimuth of the reaction plane are compared using theoretically generated test data. We show that the required resolution can be achieved by experiments that are conceptually simpler than fully exclusive 4π measurements.

Collective bands based on a low-K π$h_{11/2}$ orbital have been populated to high spins in the odd-proton nuclei ${}_{}{}^{135}{}_{}{}^{}$,137Pm following the reactions ${}_{}{}^{116}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$${(}^{24}$Mg,p4n${)}^{135}$Pm and ${}_{}{}^{114}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cd}$${(}^{27}$Al,4n${)}^{137}$Pm, respectively. Both nuclei exhibit a band crossing in the π$h_{11/2}$ band at a frequency of ħω∼0.42 MeV. In ${}_{}{}^{135}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pm}$, an upbend is observed, while a weaker interaction backbend is observed in ${}_{}{}^{137}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pm}$. Cranked-shell model calculations, including triaxiality, imply that this crossing is due to the alignment of the second and third valence $h_{11/2}$ protons. The systematics of this alignment in the Pm isotopes will be discussed. In addition, positive parity three-quasiproton states were observed in both nuclei. These structures also contain a pair of aligned $h_{11/2}$ protons, in this case the first and second valence protons which align at a much lower frequency of ħω∼0.28 MeV.

We discuss a method to isolate the part of the effective diffuseness in heavy ion reactions associated with collective zero-point fluctuations of the surface.

Continuum γ-ray spectra from decays of ${}_{}{}^{63}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$ formed at initial excitation energies of 22.5 to 77.4 MeV and maximum spin up to 40ħ, using ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Co}$, ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}$Li${+\mathrm{}}^{57}$Fe, ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}$C${+\mathrm{}}^{51}$V, and ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}$O${+\mathrm{}}^{45}$Sc entrance channels, have been measured and analyzed. The parameters of the giant dipole resonance strength function have been extracted using a statistical code in a nonlinear least-squares fitting routine. Except for the cases of ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ and ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ at the highest bombarding energies, which show evidence for nonstatistical effects, spectra are well reproduced by statistical calculations. The mean energy and strength of the giant dipole resonance built on excited states of ${}_{}{}^{63}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$ are close to the ground-state values, while the width varies smoothly from ∼5 MeV for the ground-state giant dipole resonance up to 10.6±0.6 MeV in the temperature range up to 1.9 MeV and mean spin in the range 0–23ħ. The large range of energies studied permitted different level density formulations to be tested. Measured spectra from ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}$Li${+\mathrm{}}^{98}$Mo and ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}$Li${+\mathrm{}}^{181}$Ta at $E_{\mathrm{lab}{(\mathrm{}}^6\mathrm{Li})=36\mathrm{}}$ MeV show a strong nonstatistical enhancement at high γ-ray energies.

A microscopic analysis of the inelastic scattering of ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ from ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ is presented. The real transition potential for the excitation of the first $2^{+}$ state in ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ for ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ is calculated from the double folding model using proton and neutron transition densities determined from new medium energy electron and proton scattering data. The longer radial tail of the real transition potential obtained using this neutron transition density describes correctly the amplitude of oscillations in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region of the $2^{+}$ cross section. Unfortunately, coupled channels calculations, employing real double folded and imaginary Woods-Saxon interaction potentials and including reorientation of the ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ $2^{+}$ state, still fail to reproduce the phase of the Coulomb-nuclear interference pattern observed in the data. The imaginary part of the interaction potential, as the only phenomenological term remaining in the analysis, is suggested to be responsible for this defect.

We derive a unified description of the low-energy elastic, inelastic, neutron transfer, and fusion cross sections of systems involving two stable oxygen isotopes. Coupled channels equations with an incoming wave boundary condition are employed, as is the no-recoil approximation; the adiabatic approximation, which violates unitarity, is avoided. A calculation with phenomenologically determined ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ + ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$-n potentials reproduces the measured cross sections within the limitations of the model. A possible error in the data analysis for ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ + ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ by Thomas et al. is pointed out.

Large angle correlations have been measured between two light particles (Z=1,2) emitted from 40 MeV/nucleon C+C, Ag, Au, and 50 MeV/nucleon C+C reactions. The first particle is detected at θ=-45°, and the second particle is detected in the same plane with -150°≤θ≤+150°. The correlations are consistent with emission from a thermalized system that is constrained by momentum conservation effects. In addition, the decay of particle unstable states contributes heavily to the coincidence cross sections for p-p, p-t, p${\mathrm{-}}^4$He, d${\mathrm{-}}^4$He, t${\mathrm{-}}^4$He, and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{-}_{}^4{}_{}{}^{}$He correlations.

The molecular particle-core model is applied to the scattering of ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ on ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$. The model divides the ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}$C${+\mathrm{}}^{13}$C system into two ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ cores and two valence neutrons. The valence neutrons are described with molecular eigenfunctions of the symmetric two-center shell model. Coupled channel calculations are carried out for the inelastic single and mutual excitation of the first ${(1/2\mathrm{}}^{+}$ state of ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ and the neutron transfer to the ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}$C${+}^{14}$C system. The results reproduce the experimental data. The analysis of the S matrix shows that the gross structure of the transfer excitation function is related to resonances in the relative motion of the elastic and transfer channels.

High-resolution measurements have been made of elastic and inelastic scattering of ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}$Ni${+\mathrm{}}^{208}$Pb at four bombarding energies from 10.3 to 17.4 MeV/nucleon. The considerable inelastic strength observed for excitation energies up to at least 7 MeV is dominated by Coulomb-driven quadrupole transitions. Analyses were done using both the distorted-wave Born approximation and coupled-channels models. At the highest bombarding energies the data can be described equally well by distorted-wave Born approximations and coupled channels analyses. We find that B(E2)=0.062 $e^2$${\mathrm{b}}^2$ for the 1.454 MeV $2^{+}$ state in ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ and B(E2)=0.34 $e^2$${\mathrm{b}}^2$ for the 4.09 MeV $2^{+}$ state in ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$.

The kinetic equation on nuclear gas is derived by means of the Bogoliubov approach. It is an improved Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation including correctional binary collisions with many-body effects.

A new analysis of the 720 keV gross resonance in the neutron-induced fission cross section of ${}_{}{}^{230}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Th}$ has been made. While confirming some of the main conclusions of earlier analyses (such as presence of a double-parity rotational band, suggesting an underlying vibrational mode in a tertiary well of the fission barrier), the new analysis explores additional features of the vibrational model, as well as employing new fission product angular distribution data and treating already available data in a different way. The new model and least squares analysis indicate strong evidence for Coriolis coupling of the K=1/2 single-particle state and its coupled rotational motion with a K=(3/2 single-particle state and rotational band, probably lying at 930 keV neutron energy. There is also strong evidence that the opposite parity band in the 720 keV gross resonance, which is brought down by the reflection asymmetry in the tertiary potential energy well, is attenuated by a factor of about 3–5 by the fact that reflection asymmetry is not a property expected of the potential energy surface at the inner barrier containing the well.

Single- and double-charge-exchange reactions of pions on nuclei are analyzed by means of an elementary model based on the first- and second-order impulse approximations. The model is applied to the description of transitions induced between the isobaric analog states of ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$ at 50 MeV incident pion energy. We find that the model, with only the familiar nuclear orbital wave functions as input, successfully explains the angular distributions observed in both the single and double analog state transitions. In the case of the double-charge-exchange reaction a particularly significant role in the process is played by the position correlation of the two valence neutrons in ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$. Double-charge-exchange measurements, we show, furnish a direct means of detecting this correlation, which is an important feature of any nuclear shell model. Calculating the effect of this correlation requires summing the nuclear transition amplitudes over all accessible intermediate states. To restrict the summation to the intermediate analog state is to omit the effect of correlation. The double-charge-exchange probability also has some sensitivity to the spatial dependence of the pion-nucleon interaction at short distances. We find that it indicates an approximate radius for the interaction of about 0.7 fm. We have evaluated corrections to the impulse approximations due to nuclear scattering and absorbtion and find that they make only modest quantitative changes in the analysis based on plane waves.

Analyses of bound systems and low-energy scattering experiments give clear evidence of a departure from charge symmetry in the nuclear interaction. Furthermore, this effect could be enhanced in a nuclear medium thereby solving the Nolen-Schiffer anomaly observed in mirror nuclei. Since the extraction of the n-n scattering parameters is tied to the theoretical analysis of particular nuclear reactions, we have examined some theoretical treatments and approximations used in the study of the reaction ${\pi }^{-}\mathrm{d}\to \gamma \mathrm{nn}$ which is ideal for this purpose. In particular, we consider the neutron-neutron enhancement in higher n-n partial waves by introducing a simplified approach to the eigenamplitude and multipole expansions. We also give a description of the methods used in the calculation of the final state interactions in the ${}_{}{}^1{}_{}{}^{}S_0^{}{}_{}{}^{}$ n-n state to determine the low-energy n-n scattering parameters.

It is shown that with the introduction of an external lightlike vector, a light front perturbation theory for the S matrix in quantum field theory can be developed in which the individual terms in the series are invariant functions of the particle variables and the external vector. No limiting processes are involved. The dependence of the results on the external lightlike vector is discussed.

Cross sections have been measured for ${\pi }^{+}$ and ${\pi }^{\mathrm{-}}$ inelastic scattering at 180 MeV for low-lying quadrupole and octupole transitions in ${}_{}{}^{39}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$. A distorted-wave impulse-approximation analysis of the data using collective-model transition densities yields neutron and proton octupole matrix elements which are in good agreement with the corresponding electromagnetic matrix elements. Disagreement between the two probes is observed for the E2 transition to the 2.52-MeV ${1/2}^{+}$ first excited state in ${}_{}{}^{39}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$.

New dispersion relations for πN P wave scattering which is constrained by the scattering volume are derived. It turns out that Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson poles can be included only in the simplest form of dispersion relations. In order to derive the pionic scattering volume for the P wave, the ρ meson effect is subtracted from the experimental one.

A generalized Skyrme model of the nucleon supplemented by possible extra terms in the Skyrme Lagrangian is applied to the study of the two-nucleon system. A variational approach taking account of modification of the chiral profile is employed. An adiabatic N-N potential is calculated by the standard spin-isospin projection technique. Several different approaches and parameter choices are examined and compared with each other. No medium-range attraction is found. Modification of some nucleon properties in the interacting system is investigated.