Excitation functions and thick-target recoil ranges for radioactive nuclei produced in ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ bombardment of natural copper over a 8–46-MeV/nucleon energy range have been measured using the activation technique. From the experimental data the mass yields, charge distributions, total reaction cross section, average and maximum recoil velocities, linear momentum transfer, and excitation energies were deduced. These quantities are compared with similar data on copper obtained using ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$ projectiles by our group and lighter ions in other works. In ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{induced}$ reactions the maximum linear momentum transfer in central collisions is reached at a bombarding energy of 11 MeV/nucleon and is equal to 2.8 GeV/c. At the same projectile energy the excitation energy of heavy prefragments produced in these collisions reached the value of about 2 MeV/nucleon. For higher bombarding energies the excitation energy per nucleon slightly increases up to about 2.5 MeV/nucleon. The distribution of the recoil velocity deduced from the present experiment at 30 MeV/nucleon bombarding energy seems to be in contradiction with the results of a Landau-Vlasov simulation of the reaction dynamics.

Ion-range recoil data were obtained during activated-foil measurements of excitation functions for proton-, deuteron-, and triton-induced reactions on selected targets. These data were analyzed by using the Lindhard, Scharf, and Schiøtt range-energy theory. An important feature of our analysis was the use of angular distributions from the recent Kalbach systematics based on multistep compound and multistep direct reactions. Furthermore, we used the (p,n) data to fix the parameters of LSS theory, and then applied the theory to (d,n), (d,2n), (t,2n), (t,α) and (d,α) reactions. The adjustments to the LSS-theory parameters were less than 10%. The comparisons of the data with calculations demonstrate several important aspects of the reaction mechanisms, e.g., transition from equilibrium to direct reaction, breakup of the deuteron and triton in the reaction entrance channel, and pickup for triton-induced reactions. Overall, the ion-range measurements give a consistent picture of the reaction mechanisms involved.

The analysis of the cross section and analyzing power data of the ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}$C(p→,${\gamma }_0$${)}^{14}$N reaction leads to two solutions for the E1 amplitudes and phases which contribute in the region of the giant dipole resonance. One of these solutions indicates that the reaction proceeds predominantly via d-wave capture while the other corresponds to predominant s-wave capture. In the present work, we have used the interference between the ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$=3.11 MeV M1 resonance and the E1-dominated background to determine which of the two off-resonance E1 solutions is the correct (physical) one. The results show that the dominant d-wave capture solution is the correct one in the region of this resonance, demonstrating that the low-energy off-resonance E1 strength has the same (dominant d-wave) structure as that expected from the giant dipole resonance.

We consider the response of a large nucleus, approximated by nuclear matter, to an electromagnetic probe at intermediate values of the momentum transfer, where nucleon knockout dominates the response. We discuss final-state interactions which may be included in the calculations of (e,e’) inclusive reactions or (e,e’p) reactions, for example. We remark that the standard method for performing these calculations is inconsistent and address the question of the magnitude of the corrections required. We extend the discussion of Bentz, Arima, Hyuga, Shimizu, and Yazaki, who considered the role of the Ward-Takahashi identity in the calculation of the electromagnetic response in nuclear matter, to higher values of the momentum transfer. We suggest specific vertex corrections which should provide a more consistent formalism. We find that these corrections may be small in the vicinity of the quasielastic peak. However, definitive estimates of the corrections suggested here will require rather complex calculations. (It is of interest to note that the vertex correction is complex when the energetics are such that nucleon knockout is possible.)

An optical model description of momentum transfer in relativistic heavy ion collisions, based upon composite particle multiple-scattering theory, is presented. The imaginary component of the complex momentum transfer, which comes from the absorptive part of the optical potential, is shown to be the main contributor to the momentum loss of the projectile. Within the context of the Goldhaber formalism, predictions of fragment momentum distribution observables are made and compared with experimental data. Use of the model as a tool for estimating collision impact parameters is also discussed.

Relativistic p${\mathrm{-}}^{40}$Ca elastic scattering observables are calculated using four sets of relativistic NN amplitudes obtained from different one-boson-exchange (OBE) models. The first two sets are based upon a relativistic equation in which one particle is on mass shell and the other two sets are obtained from a quasipotential reduction of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. Results at 200, 300, and 500 MeV are presented for these amplitudes. Differences between the predictions of these models provide a study of the uncertainty in constructing Dirac optical potentials from OBE-based NN amplitudes.

An optical potential with a strong Ericson-Ericson-Lorentz-Lorenz parameter is used to calculate low-energy pion inelastic scattering to selected collective states and excited $0^{+}$ states in ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$. The nuclear structure input is carefully evaluated, and there are no free parameters in the calculation. The scattering to the $0_2^{+}$ states proceeds dominantly through the one-step mechanism, but the two-step mechanism is significant and can be used to extract some information about the form factors connecting excited states.

We apply a Sturmian-expansion method we have recently developed to perform an exact multichannel analysis of the optical potential. By combining this method with momentum-space integral-equation techniques we can obtain a finite-rank representation of the nonlocal optical potential in which coupling effects are exactly taken into account. In the framework of this approach we provide also detailed expressions of the various contributions arising when couplings are treated perturbatively. These iterative-perturbative approximation schemes are generally employed in phenomenological optical-potential calculations. Our results do not apply to low-order terms only, but can be extended to any desired order. We find that a proper treatment of inelastic-inelastic couplings may be necessary in order to reproduce the detailed nonlocal structure of the optical potential. We then perform an energy-dependent analysis of the resulting optical potential. To this end, the rapid fluctuations in energy due to compound or quasicompound resonances are subtracted off by means of a direct algebraic procedure. The connection of this subtraction method with Feshbach’s general reaction theory is clarified. We analyze the energy dependence of the smooth optical interaction in the light of a dispersion-theoretic approach, by resorting to simple analytic parametrizations of the real and imaginary parts. Both a model multichannel problem and the realistic neutron${\mathrm{-}}^{208}$Pb case have been considered.

An angular method of identifying diffractive excitation (DE) events for interactions of a hadron beam in nuclear emulsion is applied to identifying DE events in interactions of heavy ions beams. The ‘‘apparent’’ mean free paths (MFP) of DE processes for ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ ${(}^{28}$Si) beams are 1.00±0.12, 2.$4_{\mathrm{-}0.7}^{+1.6\mathrm{}}$, and 2.2±0.4 (1.5±0.2) m, respectively, at 200, 60, and 14.6 GeV/nucleon, which corresponds to 20–10% of the MFP for total inelastic interactions. Distinctive features of diffractively excited nuclei are discussed.

Transverse energy production in nucleus-nucleus collisions is considered in a Glauber model involving the convolution of nucleon-nucleon scattering. A multiple-scattering model with energy production degraded as a function of the number of nucleon interactions fails to reproduce consistently 14.5 GeV/nucleon ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ data on Au and Cu targets. On the other hand, a single-scattering model, in which each nucleon can interact at most once, is able to reproduce successfully Alternating Gradient Synchrotron proton, ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$, and ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ data on various targets.

The photon energy spectra from radiative muon capture on ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$, ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$, and ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ have been measured using a time projection chamber as a pair spectrometer. The branching ratio for radiative muon capture is sensitive to ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{p}}$, the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant of the weak interaction. Expressed in terms of the axial-vector weak coupling constant ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{a}}$, values of ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{p}}$/${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{a}}$=5.7±0.8 and ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{p}}$/${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{a}}$=7.3±0.9 are obtained for ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ and ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$, respectively, from comparison with phenomenological calculations of the nuclear response. From comparison with microscopic calculations, values of ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{p}}$/${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{a}}$=4.6±1.8, 13.$6_{\mathrm{-}1.9}^{+1.6\mathrm{}}$, and 16.$2_{\mathrm{-}0.7}^{+1.3\mathrm{}}$ for ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$, and ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$, respectively, are obtained. The microscopic results are suggestive of a renormalization of the nucleonic form factors within the nucleus.

Detailed shell-model analysis of the A=14 isovector ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}$${\to }^{14}$${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ response has been performed. It allows us to suggest the ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$ nucleus as a prospective target for the inclusive radiative muon capture experiment. Capture rates and photon spectra for several values of the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{P}}$ are given.

Protons knocked out of ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ by quasifree pion scattering at ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{\pi }}$∼500 MeV/c were measured at forward angles. The effective nucleon number of the reaction was derived from the energy-integrated cross section divided by the p(${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$,p)${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$ reaction cross section measured simultaneously by using a ${\mathrm{CH}}_2$ target. The effective nucleon numbers obtained are roughly three times larger than the distorted-wave impulse approximation calculation. It is shown that the difference is due to the change of the πN amplitude in a nucleus because there nucleons are bound and off-mass shell.

Angular distributions of pion double-charge-exchange (DCX) reactions at 50 MeV are reported for the ground-state (g.s.) and the double-isobaric-analog-state (DIAS) transitions on ${}_{}{}^{44}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$. These distributions have similar shapes and magnitudes and are considerably more forward peaked than those of the lighter T=1 nuclei. The spectra at forward angles exhibit nearly exclusive excitation of the g.s. and DIAS. By using a formulation based on the shell model, the magnitude of the scattering amplitude B associated with nonanalog intermediate state transitions is extracted from the data.

A half-life of ${\mathit{T}}_{1/2}$=4.45(26) ns was measured for the 72.4-keV $2_1^{+}$ state in ${}_{}{}^{152}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ using a β-γ-γ delayed coincidence technique. This result supersedes the half-life of ${\mathit{T}}_{1/2}$=7.7(20) ns that was tentatively measured for ${}_{}{}^{154}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ and adopted for ${}_{}{}^{152}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ in the recent compilation of the B(E2) rates. In contrast to the latter value, the new result follows the smooth systematics of the B(E2) rates in the A≊160 region thus negating the possibility of an abrupt structural change in the even neutron-rich Nd nuclei.

The fission fragment angular distributions for the system ${}_{}{}^{19}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}$${+}^{232}$Th have been measured at several bombarding energies between 94 and 108 MeV. Even though the anisotropy values measured in the present work are considerably smaller than the ones reported by Zhang et al. for the same system at similar energies, they are still anomalous when compared with the predictions of the standard saddle-point statistical model and fit into the systematics of entrance-channel dependence of fission anisotropies reported by us earlier.

A previously developed ring-diagram formalism, which substantially improves the predictions for the saturation density of nuclear matter, is employed for different choices for the single-particle (s.p.) spectrum. Three types of s.p. spectra are studied: a gap spectrum, a continuous choice, and a model-space spectrum. It is found that the choice of the s.p. spectrum has some influence on the saturation energy, but little influence on the saturation density. Thus, the main virtue of the ring-diagram approach turns out to be independent of the choice of the s.p. spectrum. We also give a clear demonstration of the strongly density-dependent ring effect and compare our results with those obtained using other many-body methods.

Parity violation in elastic ep scattering determines the elastic weak neutral current form factors ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{E}}^{\mathit{Z}}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$) and ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{Z}}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$) which are directly analogous to the familiar electromagnetic elastic form factors. By using the standard model of electroweak interactions and invoking strong isospin for the nucleon, the weak neutral current form factors may be expressed in terms of their electromagnetic counterparts and the strange-quark vector form factors ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{E}}^{\left(\mathit{S}\right)}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$) and ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{M}}^{\left(\mathit{S}\right)}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$). Previous authors have argued that it is feasible to measure ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{M}}^{\left(\mathit{S}\right)}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$=0) in this way. In this paper, we show one may also measure ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{E}}^{\left(\mathit{S}\right)}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$) at finite ${\mathit{q}}^2$ in a separate experiment. Within certain models, it should be possible to extract the ‘‘strangeness radius’’ of the proton from such data.

The experimental hindrance factors determined from the fine structure in the ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ decay of ${}_{}{}^{223}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ra}$ are strikingly similar to the hindrance factors observed in the alpha decay of odd-A reflection-asymmetric deformed nuclei in spite of the deformed to spherical shape which occurs in the ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ decay. Calculations of the overlap between the reflection-asymmetric ground state of ${}_{}{}^{223}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ra}$ and the spherical shell-model orbitals of ${}_{}{}^{209}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ involved in the ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ decay are consistent with the experimental hindrance factors from the ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ fine structure except that the ${\mathit{j}}_{15/2}$ orbital is more strongly populated experimentally than the calculations suggest.

Scattering and fusion cross sections are calculated within the molecular particle-core model which describes the outermost bound neutron of ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ in a basis of eigenstates of the two-center shell model. The coupled-channel calculations in this paper include the channels of the elastic scattering of ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ on ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$, the inelastic excitation of ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ to its first excited 1/$2^{+}$ state, and the single-neutron transfer to the ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{13}$C system. The nuclear Landau-Zener effect generates structures in the calculated elastic, inelastic, and transfer cross sections which agree with the experimental data. Fusion calculations show enhancements due to the explicit treatment of inelastic excitation and transfer of the outermost bound neutron of ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$.