We study the effects of two-particles–two-holes correlations both in the ground state and in the final state, on the longitudinal and transverse response functions for the inclusive quasielastic electron scattering. In particular, we investigate the case of momentum transfer q=410 MeV/c for ${}_{}{}^{48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$.

The nonlocality property of the elastic channel optical potential is studied using a schematic coupled-channel system. It is explicitly shown that, consistent with the usual adiabatic approximation, the nonlocality is reduced as the scattering energy approaches the elastic threshold. The residual nonlocality found in the data may be partly due to the artificial truncation of the channels, and strong indications are found that a more complete treatment which includes a large number of channels would lead to better locality of the optical potential at low energy. For optical potentials corresponding to the inelastic channels, we find that the adiabaticity and the consequent locality is not well satisfied.

The interacting-boson-plus-fermion model is extended to include three fermions. The model is applied to study the odd-mass ${}_{}{}^{129\mathrm{-}133}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ce}$ isotopes. It is found that the negative-parity states above the band crossings are dominated by (π${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$${)}^2$(ν${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$${)}^{\mathrm{-}1}$ configurations. Energy levels are calculated and compared with experimental data. B(E2) values of the yrast states are calculated and compared with the values calculated by Faessler, Kuyucak, and Wakai. It is found that the calculated B(E2) values reveal sudden drops at the positions of band crossings.

The decoupled ν${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ bandhead energies and deformations of odd-N nuclei with Z=56–64 and N=69–77 have been calculated systematically with the newly modified Nilsson parameters. The results show that the occupation of the low-K ν${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ orbitals does favor large deformation. Possible candidates for the experimental observation of such structures are discussed. The strong β-driving effect of those orbitals at higher frequency is examined as well.

It is pointed out that center-of-mass correlations can explain most of the observed quenching in the structure function of ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$.

Multiplicity and angular distributions of shower, grey, and black particles produced in the interactions of ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$ and ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ at 200A GeV, ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ at 60A GeV, and ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ at 14.5A GeV in emulsion are compared with the predictions of an event generator, which takes into account the intranuclear cascading. The data on shower and grey particles for all the four beams are well described by the event generator. The black prong distributions show significant departure from the model.

For the first time, excited states of ${}_{}{}^{175}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ir}$ have been observed. Remarkably different developments with rotation are found in bands built on the [541]1/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$, [505]11/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$, and [660]1/$2^{+}$ orbitals. The data are analyzed within the deformed shell model. The pattern of the [505]11/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$ band is interpreted as a combined stretching and alignment effect. For the [660]1/$2^{+}$ band, an extremely strong interaction with the S band results in an almost entirely smeared out alignment process not explained by standard calculations. This feature might indicate a strong residual pn interaction.

A 4π charged-particle multidetector has been used to study the reaction ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Ag from 280–1356 MeV. Charged-particle multiplicity distributions show a low-multiplicity group associated with peripheral collisions and a high-multiplicity group associated with central collisions. Average multiplicities for central collisions increase with increasing projectile energy, indicating ever-increasing collision violence. Angular distributions of emitted protons are essentially isotropic for θ≥80° in a reference frame characterized by the empirical systematics of linear momentum transfer (i.e., ≊100% to ≊70% from 7–34 MeV/nucleon). Spectra of these protons at side angles are evaporationlike in shape and indicate relative effective temperatures of 3, 6, 8, and 12 MeV for beam energies of 7, 17, 27, and 34A MeV, respectively. Azimuthal angular correlations between various particle pairs are consistent with spin-driven emission from emitter sources of reasonable spin values. In short, these results support a classical picture of extensively thermalized emitter nuclei even for initial excitation energies of ≊5 MeV per system nucleon and spins of ≥100ħ.

Inelastic electron scattering to levels of the ground-state band and the γ band in ${}_{}{}^{150}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ was studied in a momentum transfer range of 0.5 to 2.8 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{-}1}$. The extracted transition charge densities were compared to microscopic Hartree-Fock-Boguliubov calculations. The overall agreement between the data and the calculations is good, indicating that the dynamic properties of the rotational collective degrees of freedom in statically deformed nuclei can be well described in this microscopic model.

An optical potential abrasion-ablation collision model is used to calculate hadronic dissociation cross sections for one, two, and three nucleon removal for the first time for a 14.6A GeV ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ beam fragmenting in aluminum, tin, and lead targets. These estimates are compared with recent semi-inclusive measurements. Significant differences between some calculated and measured semi-inclusive cross sections exist which cannot be resolved without measurements of the exclusive channel hadronic cross sections. Calculations for each exclusive reaction channel contributing to the semi-inclusive cross sections are presented and discussed.

A hybrid random-phase-approximation–cluster model is developed and applied to the calculation of the dipole response of ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$. A strong collective state at 1.81 MeV is found. Its width is predicted to be ≊4.0 MeV. The electromagnetic excitation cross section was found to be 700 mb for ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{208}$Pb (E=800 MeV/nucleon), close to the experimental result.

The angular distributions for coherent photon scattering from ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ were measured at average laboratory bremsstrahlung energies of 187, 235, and 280 MeV. The experiment was performed at the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory using the new high duty factor electron beam. The scattered photons were observed with a high-resolution NaI(Tl) total absorption scintillation detector. These measurements are intended to investigate modification of the Δ properties inside the nuclear medium and the treatment of nonresonant contributions to the scattering cross sections. The results are compared to theoretical calculations in the isobar-hole model. Clear deviations from the theory are evident at all energies, especially at 187 MeV.

Measurements of 20 vector and tensor spin observables in d-p elastic scattering at a deuteron bombarding energy of 1.6 GeV (800 MeV equivalent proton beam energy) are reported. Of these 10 are two-spin observables and the remaining ten are three-spin observables. The two-spin observables, six of which have been measured for the first time, were measured in the four-momentum-transfer range 0.12 to 0.85 (GeV/c${)}^2$. The three-spin observables, of which eight were measured for the first time, were measured in the momentum-transfer range 0.2 to 0.85 (GeV/c${)}^2$. The magnitude of the average vector polarization of the deuteron beam was 0.3, and of the average tensor alignment was 0.85. A frozen spin-polarized proton target was utilized for these measurements. These results are compared with previous measurements when possible, and show a general agreement. They are also compared with the predictions of the relativistic-impulse approximation, and its modified version, which takes into account a nontrivial off-mass-shell behavior of nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitudes.

Three-proton emission cross sections for the ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$,ppp)n reaction were measured at an incident pion kinetic energy of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$=165 MeV over a wide angular range in a kinematically complete experiment. Angular correlations, missing momentum distributions, and energy spectra are compared with three- and four-body phase-space Monte Carlo calculations. The results provide strong evidence that most of the three-proton coincidences result from three-nucleon absorption. From phase-space integration the total three-nucleon absorption cross section is estimated to be ${\mathrm{\sigma }}^{3\mathit{N}}$=4.8±1.0 mb. The cross section involving four nucleons is small and is estimated to be ${\mathrm{\sigma }}^{4\mathit{N}}$<2 mb. On the scale of the total absorption cross section in ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, multinucleon pion absorption seems to represent only a small fraction.

The systematic behavior of ${\mathrm{\beta }}_2$ values with respect to the parameter P=${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{p}}$${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{n}}$/(${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{p}}$+${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{n}}$) is examined, and it is found that the rate of increase of ${\mathrm{\beta }}_2$/${\mathrm{\beta }}_2$ sp as a function of P is the same in all mass regions. A new method for predicting ${\mathrm{\beta }}_2$ values which exploits this relationship is described. This method is particularly useful for predicting ${\mathrm{\beta }}_2$ values in a region of well-deformed nuclei where no values have yet been measured, such as the region near ${}_{}{}^{130}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sm}$.

A correlation is suggested between the analyzing power ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{N}}$ of the inelastic np${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$ production channel and the elastic ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}$${\mathit{F}}_3$ nucleon-nucleon phase parameters. Results for ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{N}}$ are shown from a coupled channel isobar model, where the short-range interaction is parametrized as a boundary condition at 0.7 fm, dictated by the internal quark structure, and which differs from other models by an improved description of the ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}$${\mathit{F}}_3$ elastic phase parameters.

We calculate the decay rate for the reaction ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}_{}^{\mathrm{*}}{}_{}{}^{}$${\to }^4$He+φ making use of a relationship between the matrix elements of the electromagnetic current and the matrix elements involved in Higgs production. The relevant form factors are obtained from electron-scattering data for the reaction e${+}^4$He${\to }^4$${\mathrm{He}}^{\mathrm{*}}$+e’. The results are plotted as a function of the Higgs mass from 0.1 to 20.0 MeV.

Improved variational wave functions for use in microscopic studies of few-body nuclei are presented. The trial functions are constructed from pair-correlation operators, which include central, spin, isospin, tensor, and spin-orbit components, and triplet-correlation operators, which include components induced by three-nucleon potentials. Energy expectation values are calculated using Metropolis Monte Carlo integration. Variational parameter searches are made using energy differences to reduce the effect of statistical fluctuations on the choice of optimal trial functions. Results are reported for ground-state binding energies of ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ using the Reid ${\mathit{v}}_8$ and Argonne ${\mathit{v}}_{14}$ two-nucleon potentials, and Argonne ${\mathit{v}}_{14}$ with the Tucson-Melbourne, Urbana VII, and Urbana VIII three-nucleon potentials. The variational binding energies are typically 3–4% above available Faddeev and Green’s-function Monte Carlo results. Nucleon density distributions and elastic electromagnetic form factors are also presented. Extension of these wave functions to larger nuclei such as ${}_{}{}^5{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ is discussed.