We calculate the yield of projectile-like fragments in intermediate and high energy heavy-ion reactions using an abrasion-ablation model. We use the distribution of holes left by the abraded nucleons to estimate the primary-fragment excitation energies and calculate the statistical emission using this energy distribution. Our results agree well with the experimental data for the reaction ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{208}$Pb at 20 MeV/nucleon and 2 GeV/nucleon.

A consistent treatment of quantum chromodynamical (QCD) sum rules in the nuclear medium is developed. Its close relation to the structure functions of the nucleon in the deep inelastic scattering is emphasized. The formalism is applied to the spectral changes of vector mesons (ρ, ω, and φ) in the nuclear matter. A linear decrease of the masses as a function of density is found. The four-quark condensate 〈(q¯q${)}^2$〉 and a twist-two condensate 〈q¯${\gamma }_{\mathrm{\mu }}$q${\mathrm{¯}}_{\mathrm{\mu }}$${\mathit{D}}_{\nu }$q〉 in medium play dominant roles for the mass-shift of light mesons. Physical implications of the result in finite nuclei and in heavy ion collisions are also discussed.

A search for sequences of identical transition energies at normal deformations in odd-A nuclei relative to the average even-even neighbors in the mass A=130 region has been carried out. Four such sequences in odd-N nuclei and one in odd-Z nuclei have been found. It is suggested that the identity in the moments of inertia in these bands may be the result of a precise cancellation between the reduction in pairing, and the reduction in quadrupole deformation, caused by the odd particle.

We show that the neutron multiplicities observed in the reaction ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ on ${}_{}{}^{232}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Th}$ at incident energies between 27 and 77 MeV per nucleon are consistent with the predominantly binary character of the collision process. The most violent encounters lead to excitation energies of several MeV per nucleon, sufficiently high to crack the colliding nuclei into many small fragments. We also give the neutron multiplicity and decay pattern for the reaction ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ on ${}_{}{}^{197}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Au}$ at 29 MeV per nucleon, for which some preliminary data is available.

We show that the inclusion of the dynamics after contact in a heavy-ion collision can completely modify the predictions of superheavy element production through fusion induced by neutron-rich-projectile nuclei.

Half-lives of the first $2^{+}$ state in ${}_{}{}^{122,124,126}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$ have been measured using the β-γ delayed coincidence technique for on-line mass-separated ${}_{}{}^{122,124,126}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{La}$ sources. New values of the half-lives are 297(27), 297(26), and 141(14) ps for ${}_{}{}^{122,124,126}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$, respectively. The B(E2;$0_1^{+}$→$2_1^{+}$) values deduced from the half-lives indicate that the ${}_{}{}^{122}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$ nucleus is the most deformed one in this region. The experimental values are compared with the proton-neutron interacting boson model calculation, and the systematic behavior of the B(E2) value with respect to the neutron number is discussed.

Measurements of the spin-transfer parameter ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}\mathit{L}}$ for ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$(p,n)2p at 0° to calibrate the neutron-beam polarization clarify a normalization discrepancy affecting np data at LAMPF. The new data are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

The breakup reaction ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(d→,pα)n at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{d}}$=7.0 MeV has been investigated in a kinematically complete experiment with vector and tensor polarized deuterons in a kinematical situation with zero relative energy of the two outgoing nucleons, a preferred situation to show effects from the singlet deuteron ${\mathit{d}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and therefore isospin breaking. A complete set of analyzing powers, ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}}$, ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}\mathit{y}}$, ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{z}}$, and ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{z}\mathit{z}}$ in addition to the differential breakup cross section, ${\mathit{d}}^3$σ/d${\mathrm{\Omega }}_3$d${\mathrm{\Omega }}_4$dS has been measured. The data are compared to new Faddeev calculations including an approximate (cutoff) Coulomb potential allowing for the ${\mathit{d}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ production and also D-wave α-N interactions. Good agreement is found for the polarization observables and the shape of the cross section which, however, disagrees in absolute magnitude. Both the inclusion of the ${\mathit{d}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and of D waves seem necessary for a good description of all data and for the interpretation of a small excursion in some observables in the n-p final-state interaction region as a manifestation of the isospin-forbidden ${\mathit{d}}^{\mathrm{*}}$.

Inclusive ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(p→,p’) spectra were measured at incident energies ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{p}}$=500 and 800 MeV over a range of forward scattering angles between 5° and 30°. The first excited $0^{+}$, T=0 state at 20.1 MeV and the $2^{\mathrm{-}}$, T=0 state at 22.1 MeV appear as distinct structures in the spectra. Angular distributions of differential cross sections σ and analyzing powers ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}}$ were extracted for these states and for regions of excitation in the continuum up to 40 MeV. Distorted-wave calculations for inelastic scattering using transition densities from the recoil corrected continuum shell model (RCCSM) were compared with the data. The RCCSM generally predicts too small σ and too large ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{y}}$. Assuming a pure giant monopole excitation for the 20.1-MeV, $0^{+}$ state, we found greater giant monopole resonance strength than has been deduced from ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(e,e’) studies.

Differential and integrated cross sections for the reaction ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$,pp) at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{\pi }}$=114 and 162 MeV are reported. These are the first results for this reaction using a large solid angle detector covering ≊55% of 4π sr. Directly measured integrated cross sections for absorption on two-nucleon pairs are ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{abs}}$=25.7±1.8 mb at 114 MeV and ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{abs}}$=21.0±1.5 mb at 162 MeV. These cross sections, when corrected by a factor of 1.4 final state interaction effects, account for about 50% of the total absorption cross section for all final-state reaction channels at both energies. The data are compared with Monte Carlo simulations of the reaction process using a quasideuteron absorption model for the two-nucleon absorption process in a plane wave impulse approximation. The consequences for the extraction of the two-nucleon absorption cross section by imposing different conditions on the data are explored.

A new value, ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{D}}$=1.9546±0.0021 fm, for the rms radius of the deuteron has been extracted by reanalyzing the experimental data for the ratio R(${\mathit{q}}^2$) of the deuteron to proton electric form factors and for the slope of the neutron electric form factor ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{E}\mathit{n}}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$) at ${\mathit{q}}^2$=0. The short-range structures in the radial deuteron wave functions found for a certain class of potentials (e.g., Kermode et al. and potential models presented here) cause an increase in the model values of the deuteron charge form factor ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{E}}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$), but have no special features in the variation of ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{E}}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$) with ${\mathit{q}}^2$. A new method for calculating ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{E}}$(${\mathit{q}}^2$) accurately is presented.

The cross section for the production of slow protons in deep-inelastic (anti)neutrino scattering on hydrogen and deuterium is described in terms of fragmentation of the spectator diquark and the emission of nuclear spectators. We find that the softening of the x distribution, when going from A=1 to A=2, is due to spectator emission.

The effect of triple-Δ degrees of freedom on the triton binding energy (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{T}}$) is gauged using the Argonne V28 and Hannover Δ models. The ΔΔΔ three-body force is found to contribute only a few keV of additional attraction to the triton binding, and is thus negligible relative to the few-hundred-keV scale set by NNΔ and NΔΔ contributions. Consequently, previous results for Δ contributions to ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{T}}$ require no correction for omitted ΔΔΔ configurations, despite the fact that Δ effects involving fewer than three Δ’s largely cancel. The trinuclear ΔΔΔ wave function component is found to be similarly reduced from NNΔ and NΔΔ levels.

Variational wave functions with Δ-isobar components are used to study trinucleon magnetic moments, the Gamow-Teller matrix element of tritium β decay, thermal neutron radiative capture on ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and low-energy proton weak capture on ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$. The Δ-isobar components are generated by transition correlation operators acting on realistic nuclear wave functions. These correlations are obtained from a fit to exact two-body ground-state and low-energy scattering solutions for the Argonne ${\mathit{v}}_{28}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{28\mathit{Q}}$ interaction models, which include Δ-isobar degrees of freedom. Contributions of Δ isobars to electroweak current operators appear at the one-body level in this formalism. Their effect on low-energy electroweak transitions is significantly smaller than that obtained in perturbation theory analyses, where Δ-isobar effects are commonly subsumed into effective two-body current operators. The resulting theoretical cross section for thermal neutron radiative capture on ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ is ≊86 μb, compared to an experimental value of 55±3 μb; the astrophysical S factor for proton weak capture on ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ is predicted to be in the range (1.4–3.2)×${10}^{\mathrm{-}23}$ MeV b.

In this work we present a method for solving the hard-core (HC) three-body problem by the hyperspherical approach. We restrict ourselves to the totally symmetric S state of the dominant trinucleon system interacting via a central spin-dependent HC potential, but the method can be generalized to include other states.

Two-pion exchange (TPE) contribution to the charge symmetry breaking class IV neutron-proton interaction is examined in a potential and coupled channels approach. Based on nonrelativistic πNN and πNΔ vertices, a TPE interaction is treated in two ways, as a potential or as a part calculable by the coupled channels method plus a residual potential interaction. A practical parametrization of the TPE potentials is given, which can also be used in the case of class III charge symmetry breaking (CSB) forces as well as for charge symmetric interactions. The results show that below 300 MeV the TPE contribution to CSB in elastic np scattering is insignificant, whereas at higher energies it should not be neglected.

Results are presented for (inclusive) parity-violating quasielastic electron scattering of polarized electrons from deuterium. The sensitivity of the asymmetry to interference effects, to the presence or absence of final-state interactions, to the choice of NN interaction, and to specifics of nucleon form factors is investigated within the framework of the standard model for the electroweak interaction. The calculations span a range of momentum transfers from low values, where a nonrelativistic treatment including a realistic NN interaction is appropriate, to beyond 1 GeV/c, where a relativistic plane-wave impulse approximation is employed. We find favorable kinematical regions for experiments at medium-energy (MIT–Bates, Mainz) and higher-energy (CEBAF) electron accelerators where issues relating to the nucleon’s axial-vector and strangeness form factors can be addressed.

The quadrupole moments (${\mathit{Q}}_0$) of the highly deformed, second minimum bands in ${}_{}{}^{133}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ and ${}_{}{}^{137}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ have been extracted from mean lifetime measurements using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The reactions ${}_{}{}^{105}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pd}$${(}^{32}$S,2p2n${)}^{133}$Nd at 152 MeV and ${}_{}{}^{104}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$${(}^{36}$S,3n${)}^{137}$Nd at 145 MeV were used. A standard centroid shift analysis was carried out in both cases, which gave values of ${\mathit{Q}}_0$=(6.0±0.7)e b and (4.0±0.5)e b for ${}_{}{}^{133}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ and ${}_{}{}^{137}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$, respectively, corresponding to axial prolate deformations of ${\mathrm{\beta }}_2$≃0.33 and ≃0.22. A line-shape analysis was also carried out for ${}_{}{}^{133}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ to check against the possible effect of sidefeeding. The result was ${\mathit{Q}}_0$=(6.7+0.7)e b, with sightly slower sidefeeding times corresponding to ${\mathit{Q}}_{\mathrm{sf}}$¯≃5.3e b. The results are in good agreement with the predictions of total Routhian surface calculations, and are discussed in the context of other highly deformed bands in the A=130–140 mass region.

Cross sections for ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$(α,${\mathrm{\alpha }}_{1,2,3}$) were measured from ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}$=5.6 (${\mathrm{\alpha }}_1$), 7.5 (${\mathrm{\alpha }}_2$), and 9.5 (${\mathrm{\alpha }}_3$) MeV up to 11.0 MeV in steps of 10 and 15 keV at up to 20 angles. The ${\mathrm{\alpha }}_1$ data were fitted with a Legendre polynomial expansion, thus allowing limits to be placed on the spin and parity of 31 levels in ${}_{}{}^{24}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$, about five of which have not previously been seen in elastic α scattering. In the ${\mathrm{\alpha }}_2$ data some 15 levels are identified as to energy and width.

Electron scattering cross sections have been measured for the elastic and the first $2^{+}$,$3^{\mathrm{-}}$ and low-lying $4^{+}$ excitations in ${}_{}{}^{118}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$. Forward angle data were taken for momentum transfers in the range 1.24<q<2.74 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{-}1}$ allowing the extraction of transition charge densities in a Fourier-Bessel analysis. Comparisons are made with microscopic calculations performed in the framework of the self-consistent finite Fermi system theory and quasiparticle phonon approach.