The properties of fully energy-damped processes (deep-inelastic orbiting, fusion-evaporation, and fusion-fission processes) have been investigated in the nearly mass-symmetric entrance-channel ${}_{}{}^{23}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Na}$ + ${}_{}{}^{24}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction leading to the ${}_{}{}^{47}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{V}$ compound nucleus. By comparison with previous data for the mass-asymmetric ${}_{}{}^{35}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cl}$ ${+}^{12}$C reaction forming the same compound system at the same excitation energy, no entrance-channel effects are observed in either the evaporation residue or the fusion-fission yields. This is in contrast to the situation with the ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ ${+}^{12}$C and ${}_{}{}^{24}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$ ${+}^{16}$O reactions where an orbiting process is evident. The asymmetrical elemental distributions of the fusion-fission fragments of the massA=47 system are well described by a transition-state model that accounts for the spin and mass-asymmetry dependence of the fission saddle point.

Average transverse momenta have been carefully measured for α-particle pairs at laboratory angles of 21°, 31°, 47°, and 67°. They exhibit small but distinct shifts for different relative azimuthal angles Δcphi. Detection on the same side of the beam (Δcphi≊24°) yields a smaller average tranverse momentum or energy than on the opposite side (Δcphi≊168°). For α-α pairs detected at ≊67° to the beam these small shifts are analyzed with a recoil model to extract the average emitter mass for the first α particle from the coincident pairs. The results are A=130±10 to 115±10 for reactions of ${}_{}{}^{107,109}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ag}$ with ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ for 7A and 34A MeV, respectively. The particle pairs emitted at 21° are produced from more complex source mixtures. There is evidence from p-Li and α-Li pairs that Li fragments are emitted after protons or α particles in ≊1/2 of the events. The overall pattern is consistent with incomplete fusion leading to the formation of a hot, essentially thermalized composite nucleus and its associated statistical decay.

We have measured the ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cl}$(n,p${)}^{36}$S cross section from thermal energy to approximately 800 keV. Parameters for eight resonances between 900 eV and 70 keV were determined in a multilevel fit to our data which also included information from published ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$(p,γ${)}^{37}$Cl measurements. The ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cl}$(n,p${)}^{36}$S reaction can play a critical role in the production of the rare isotope ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$ in explosive nucleosynthesis and s-process calculations. The astrophysical rate for this reaction was calculated from our measured cross sections and was found to be significantly smaller than the theoretical rate used in previous nucleosynthesis calculations. We discuss the impact of this result on the nucleosynthesis of ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$.

A vector-polarized deuteron beam of 52 MeV was used to excite proton hole states via the ${}_{}{}^{66}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$(d→${,}^3$He${)}^{65}$Cu reaction. From the measured angular distributions of differential cross sections σ(Θ) and analyzing powers ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$(Θ) we determined spins and parities of a number of individual low-lying levels in ${}_{}{}^{65}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$ and the hole strength distribution for ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$<19 MeV. Relative proton occupancies, single-particle energies, the shape of the Fermi surface, and spreading widths for various orbitals are presented as a result of combined analysis with proton stripping reactions on ${}_{}{}^{66}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$. A corresponding analysis of previous proton pickup and stripping experiments on ${}_{}{}^{54,56,58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}$, ${}_{}{}^{58,60,62,64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$, and ${}_{}{}^{70}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ge}$ shows systematic A-dependent features of these integral properties of the spectra.

The ${}_{}{}^{10}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$(p,n${)}^{10}$C reaction was studied using the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) neutron time-of-flight facilities at an incident proton energy of 186 MeV between ${\mathrm{\theta }}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=0° and ${\mathrm{\theta }}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=50° in steps of 5°. The IUCF neutron polarimeter was also used to measure polarization observables at ${\mathrm{\theta }}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=0°, 15°, and 20° using an incident transverse polarized proton beam. Data for transitions to excited states in ${}_{}{}^{10}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ below 7 MeV are presented. A multipole decomposition analysis is presented for unresolved states up into the continuum. Distorted wave calculations are presented for positive and negative parity transitions which are compared with data to assess spectroscopies of the ${}_{}{}^{10}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ excited states.

Neutrons from the fusion reactions of 120–150 MeV ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ with ${}_{}{}^{118}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$ and ${}_{}{}^{124}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$ target nuclei have been measured in coincidence with evaporation residues, in two series of complementary experiments using either a 4π neutron multiplicity meter or a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. Both the energy spectra and multiplicity distributions reveal significant quantitative differences in the decay patterns of the compound nuclei ${}_{}{}^{146}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$ and ${}_{}{}^{152}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$ formed in the two reactions studied. It is shown that these differences cannot be understood in terms of decay cascades proceeding through states of enhanced collective energy, such as the superdeformed states, suggested in earlier studies. Instead, they can be explained consistently within the framework of a statistical decay model, if different effective level density parameters are allowed for the evaporation chains of the two composite systems.

New cross section and analyzing power data for ${}_{}{}^{88}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$(p,p’) at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$=200 MeV are reported and analyzed together with earlier cross section data. Neutron transition densities for low-lying normal-parity excitations were extracted using an empirical density-dependent effective interaction and an expansion of the radial density which permits analysis of uncertainties due to penetrability, distortion, incompleteness, statistics, and normalization. The densities were compared with shell-model calculations using effective operators based upon a density-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for the $2_1^{+}$, $3_1^{\mathrm{-}}$, and $5_1^{\mathrm{-}}$ states, but the experimental neutron densities for the $2_2^{+}$ and $7_1^{\mathrm{-}}$ states are considerably stronger than expected. Both proton and neutron transition densities for the $2_2^{+}$ state have strong interior lobes, but the theory fails to reproduce the accompanying surface lobes.

A complete set of polarization-transfer observables has been measured for quasifree (p→,n→) reactions on ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$, ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$, and ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ at a bombarding energy of 495 MeV and a laboratory scattering angle of 18°. The data span an energy-loss range from 0 to 160 MeV, with a corresponding momentum transfer range of ${\mathit{q}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.\mathrm{}}$=1.7–1.9 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{-}1}$. The laboratory observables are used to construct partial cross sections proportional to the nonspin response and three orthogonal spin responses. These results are compared to the transverse spin response measured in deep inelastic electron scattering and to nuclear responses based on the random phase approximation. The polarization observables for all three targets are remarkably similar and reveal no evidence for an enhancement of the spin-longitudinal nuclear response relative to the spin-transverse response. These results suggest the need for substantial modifications to the standard form assumed for the residual particle-hole interaction.

The γ-ray transitions in the ground-state bands of ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$ and ${}_{}{}^{239}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$ up to spins ${26}^{+}$ and 51/$2^{+}$, respectively, were observed in the reaction ${}_{}{}^{239}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$${+}^{117}$Sn (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.\mathrm{}}$=422.9 MeV). Another band in ${}_{}{}^{239}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$ was observed, and is tentatively identified as the high-spin continuation of the $0^{\mathrm{-}}$ octupole excitation built on the 1/$2^{+}$ ground band in ${}_{}{}^{239}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$. The measured γ-ray multiplicity and total energy provided data on the population of entrance states in both ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$ and ${}_{}{}^{239}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$. The one-neutron-transfer cross section, as determined by the yield of the $6^{+}$→$4^{+}$ transition in ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pu}$, was measured to be 65±25 mb. This transition yield is estimated to represent between 80% and 90% of the total one-neutron-transfer cross section.

Neutron transmission in ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ has been estimated by analyzing ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$(γ,pn) and ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$(γ,p) data, that were collected simultaneously using the Mainz Microtron (MAMI-A) tagged-photon system, at photon energies from 80 to 157 MeV. Correction has been made for solid angle and threshold effects by use of a Monte Carlo simulation. The corrected ratio of the (γ,pn) and (γ,p) data gives an indication of the proportion of emitted protons that have an accompanying neutron. This ratio, which can be interpreted as a lower limit for the neutron transmission in ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$, has been found to be 0.80±0.08 for the 20–45 MeV neutrons examined in this experiment. Since the data sets were collected simultaneously, systematic uncertainties associated with the tagger and proton detector cancel in the ratio.

Vector and tensor analyzing powers (${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$, ${}_{}{}^{\mathit{T}}{}_{}{}^{}$${\mathit{T}}_{20}$, ${\mathit{T}}_{20}$, and ${\mathit{T}}_{22}$) for the ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$${(}^6$Li→${,}^6$He${)}^9$B reaction are presented for a ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\to$ bombarding energy of 32 MeV over the angular range from 14° to 80° c.m. A one-step reaction calculation is consistent with the angular distribution and vector analyzing power ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$ for the ground-state transition but does not describe the tensor analyzing power ${}_{}{}^{\mathit{T}}{}_{}{}^{}$${\mathit{T}}_{20}$. Coupled channels calculations that include inelastic coupling in the entrance and exit channels do not reproduce either the vector or tensor analyzing powers. Sequential transfer calculations via ${(}^6$Li${,}^7$Li)${(}^7$Li${,}^6$He) do not reproduce the ground-state angular distribution but do reproduce the analyzing powers. The analyzing power data to the ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$(5/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$, 2.36 MeV state) are well reproduced by the coupled channels calculation although the cross section is under predicted by a factor of 3.

The role of the Wigner-Thomas precession in nucleon recoil polarization measurements in coincidence electron scattering processes is examined. The necessary formalism is developed within the framework of the Jacob-Wick method, and then applied to two processes: the pseudoscalar electroproduction off a nucleon and the deuteron two-body electrodisintegration.

We analyze the critical behavior of the stochastic nucleation model and show that it describes phase transitions similar to those found in other multifragmentation theories. In particular, we relate the parameters of this model to those of the site-bond percolation approach that lead to similar fragmentation patterns.

Results for dσ/dΩ and ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{N}}$ in the reaction p¯p→${\mathrm{\pi }}^{\mathrm{-}}$${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$ are predicted by a simple quark model. They are compared to recent experimental data from the CERN LEAR, as well as to previous predictions from nucleon-exchange models. At low energy the quark model does better than the nucleon-exchange models, but the overall comparison to experiment remains poor. In particular, the double-dip structure of the experimental ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{N}}$ data is only partly represented. This shortcoming of the simple quark model is traced back to a too small J=2 amplitude. This has interesting implications for the range of this specific annihilation process.

An optical model analysis of the elastic scattering of ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ on ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ target nuclei has been performed, for measurements at 620 and 637 MeV laboratory incident energy, respectively. The data are from the group of the University of Notre Dame. It has turned out, in the case of the ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ projectile, that it was necessary to use a real and imaginary surface potential peaked very far outside of the nucleus core, in order to reproduce the elastic scattering angular distribution at very forward angles. The extracted optical model reaction cross section leads to a radius of 3.7 fm for ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ in agreement with what is already known in the literature from interaction cross section measurements. On the contrary, the extracted radius for the ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ nucleus is 2.5 fm in this experiment. Furthermore, at this high incident energy, a strong far-side component on ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ is evidenced by a Fuller analysis. This large radius for the ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ nucleus, added to the fact that strong refractive effects are observed in the elastic scattering, is a clear signature of a nuclear halo for the ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ nucleus.

The cross section for inclusive scattering of high-energy electrons by ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ with momentum transfer ‖q‖∼2 GeV/c is calculated using realistic spectral functions. The final-state interaction effects are treated with the correlated Glauber approximation, and the possible occurrence of color transparency is considered. The results are in fair agreement with the SLAC data and confirm the presence of high-momentum components in the deuteron wave function. The final-state interaction effects are significant in ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and there seem to be systematic differences between theory and experiment at large ω in ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$.

The modified approaches for a dynamical (Langevin) and a statistical description of fission of hot nuclei (based on entropy as the crucial quantity) proposed in a forthcoming publication are shown to give consistent values for fission rates in the framework of the liquid drop model for a wide range of excitation energies, angular momenta, and fissilities. An approximate formula for the statistical fission rate is derived which is more suitable for applications than the exact one. Contrary to the conventional approach the new statistical description takes into account the positions of the stationary points (ground state and saddle points) of the entropy (not of the potential), and the position of the scission point. The fission rate calculated with the approximate formula deviates in all cases of interest by less than 25% from the long-time limit of the dynamical (Langevin) fission rate. This is a clear improvement over the conventional model, where these deviations can be orders of magnitude.

Theoretical predictions for nucleon-nucleus scattering are customarily based on multiple-scattering formalisms in which the projectile-nucleon–struck-target-nucleon two-body subsystem is antisymmetrized and in which the target wave function is antisymmetric with respect to the nucleon constituents. Although formalisms exist for nucleon-nucleus scattering which account for full (A+1)-body antisymmetrization, these theories have not been adequately implemented in numerical applications. Pauli blocking of the struck target nucleon in intermediate scattering states is implicitly included in standard optical potential calculations which consistently include terms through second-order in the projectile-target nucleon scattering t matrix. In this work the multiple scattering expansion of the fully antisymmetrized nucleon-nucleus optical potential is organized so as to make explicit corrections to the standard optical potential due to Pauli blocking of the projectile nucleon in intermediate scattering states. Numerical calculations are presented for the resulting density dependent, projectile-target nucleon effective interaction and comparison with a previous density dependent model is given. It is shown that density dependent effective interaction t matrices for nucleon-nucleus scattering calculations should include Pauli blocking of just the projectile nucleon and binding potential corrections for just the target nucleon.

Isovector effects in proton-nucleus elastic scattering at medium energies are studied. The accuracy of the Kerman-McManus-Thaler isospin averaging procedure is found to be very good for nuclei larger than ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$. Studies of ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ and ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ suggest that the surface neutrons may be pulled in somewhat relative to the protons, although uncertainties in the detailed applicability of the present truncation of the multiple scattering treatment render firm conclusions premature.

We calculate transverse response functions for quasielastic electron scattering at high momentum transfers in a relativistic Hartree approximation in configuration space. We treat the excitation of the Δ resonance using its free mass and width. Good agreement with experiment is found in the dip region.