We have made an empirical fit to the world data for the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{E}\mathit{p}}$, ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{p}}$ for 0<${\mathit{Q}}^{2<\mathrm{}}$30 (GeV/c${)}^2$, and to the neutron electromagnetic form factors ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{E}\mathit{n}}$,${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{n}}$ in the range 0<${\mathit{Q}}^2$<10 (GeV/c${)}^2$.

The weights of the different permutational symmetry components of a nonsymmetry-adapted many-particle wave function are evaluated in terms of the expectation values of the symmetric-group class sums. This facilitates the evaluation of the weights without the construction of a complete set of symmetry adapted functions. Subspace projection operators are introduced, to be used when prior knowledge about the symmetry-species composition of a wave function is available. The permutational weight analysis of a recursively angular-momentum coupled (shell model) wave function is presented as an illustration.

We investigate the relativistic Coulomb fragmentation of ${}_{}{}^{197}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Au}$ by heavy ions, leading to one-, two-, and three-neutron removal. To resolve the ambiguity connected with the choice of a specific minimum impact parameter in a semiclassical calculation, a microscopic approach is developed based on nucleon-nucleon collisions (‘‘soft-spheres’’ model). This approach is compared with experimental data for ${}_{}{}^{197}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Au}$ at 1 GeV/nucleon and with a calculation using the ‘‘sharp-cutoff’’ approximation. We find that the harmonic-oscillator model predicting a Poisson distribution of the excitation probabilities of multiphonon states gives a good agreement with one-neutron removal cross sections but is unable to reach an equally good agreement with three-neutron removal cross sections.

Bounds for spin transfer observables in πd elastic scattering are calculated from the experimental data on σ, ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$, ${\mathit{T}}_{20}$, ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{21}$, and ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{22}$ at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{\pi }}$=134, 180, 219, 256, and 294 MeV using a semi-analytic method for the reconstruction of helicity amplitudes.

The statistical nucleon correlation coefficients and a number of other properties for the ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ nuclei are calculated from highly accurate variational wave functions. Most of these properties were not considered previously. In particular, the two-body cusp conditions are obtained in general form for the Yukawa-type NN potential.

We calculate the second-order corrections to the atomic S-level shifts in electronic and muonic deuterium due to virtual excitations of the deuteron using wave functions from realistic potentials. Common approximations like the long-wavelength limit or the closure approximation are avoided by integrating over the inelastic structure functions of the deuteron with specified weight functions. Transverse excitations are also included consistently. We estimate the potential dependence of our numerical results to be less than 2%.

We further examine the puzzling disagreement between data and calculations in pion-nucleus elastic scattering at 800 MeV/c by taking account of the dynamical modification of ${\mathit{N}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ resonances in nuclear medium and by improving the estimate of pion-absorption effects on the basis of a recent absorption measurement. The disagreement remains unexplained, though multinucleon absorption could be a possible explanation.

A theoretical approach to the investigation of spin-dependent structure functions in deep inelastic scattering of polarized leptons off polarized nuclei, based on the effective meson-nucleon theory and operator product expansion method, is proposed and applied to deuteron and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$. The explicit forms of the moments of the dueteron and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ spin-dependent structure functions are found and numerical estimates of the influence of nuclear structure effects are presented.

The relativistic effect on differential cross sections, nucleon-to-nucleon and nucleon-to-deuteron polarization transfer coefficients, and the spin correlation function of nucleon-deuteron elastic scattering is investigated employing several three-dimensional relativistic three-body equations and several nucleon-nucleon potentials. The polarization transfer coefficients are found to be sensitive to the details of the nucleon-nucleon potentials and the relativistic dynamics employed and are found to prefer trinucleon models with the correct triton binding energy.

A novel method of selecting γ-ray transitions in heavy nuclei (A>100) at the proton drip-line has been attempted. The characteristic charged-particle radioactivity of these nuclei (alpha decay, ground-state proton decay, and β-delayed proton emission) has been used to tag γ-ray transitions recorded by the highly efficient Eurogam spectrometer. The ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$${+}^{54}$Fe and ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$${+}^{58}$Ni fusion-evaporation reactions, at a beam energy of 240 MeV, have been used to populate specific states of these neutron-deficient nuclei and results are presented for ${}_{}{}^{108,109}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Te}$, ${}_{}{}^{109}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{I}$, and ${}_{}{}^{113}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Xe}$, where γ-ray transitions have been identified. In the case of ${}_{}{}^{109}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{I}$, this represents the first observation of γ-rays from a ground-state proton emitter.

We have measured pion inelastic scattering from ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ with 180 MeV ${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{\pi }}^{\mathrm{-}}$ at 12° and from 15° to 90° in 5° steps and with 120 MeV ${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$ from 15° to 90° in 5° steps. We report here on states in the first four ${\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}$=$0^{+}$ bands, including the 6.73MeV $0^{+}$ and the 8.78-MeV ${}_{}{}^{6+}{}_{}{}^{}$ levels. Coupled-channels processes are shown to be important for many states.

The structure of ${}_{}{}^{122}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cd}$ was studied through the decay of ${}_{}{}^{122}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ag}$ by γ-γ coincidences, γ-ray angular correlations, and β-γ-γ fast electronic scintillation timing (FEST) measurements. The phonon and intruder structure of the $0^{+}$ states is discussed. The energy systematics of the low-lying levels in the Cd isotopes exhibits two distinct patterns, one minimizing at midshell, one somewhat later.

We discuss the appearance of ΔI=2 staggering effects in the γ-ray energies of some superdeformed bands as due to the mixing of a series of K bands. These bands are described by the rotational Hamiltonian of a symmetric top having a fourfold symmetry axis. Using the known properties of superdeformed bands we have found limits to the possible values of the model parameters by the analysis of effective moments of inertia, deviations from the I(I+1) rigid-rotor behavior and B(E2) values. Our results indicate that the value of ${\mathcal{I}}_3$, the moment of inertia due to the ${\mathit{Y}}_{44}$ deformation, is close to that expected for a rigid ellipsoid.

We investigate the sensitivity of pionic bounce-off and squeeze-out on the density and momentum dependence of the real part of the nucleon optical potential. For the in-plane pion bounce-off we find a strong sensitivity on both the density and momentum dependence whereas the out-of-plane pion squeeze-out shows a strong sensitivity only towards the momentum dependence but little sensitivity towards the density dependence. We observe strong differences between calculations including the nucleon optical potential and CASCADE calculations. The question of validity of the CASCADE approach in relativistic heavy-ion collisions can be resolved experimentally on the basis of the predicted pion nucleon correlations.

Calculations have been done that assess the importance of projectile-generated and target-generated pions for the exclusive reaction ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$${+}^{12}$C${\to }^{12}$C(15.11 MeV)${+}^{12}$C+${\mathrm{\pi }}^0$ below and near threshold. Both the amplitude for Δ formation in the target with subsequent decay to ${\mathrm{\pi }}^0$’s while simultaneously exciting the projectile to the M1 giant resonant state at 15.11 MeV, and the exchange process amplitude, in which the target and projectile exchange roles, are included in the calculations for the pion triple differential cross sections. For the first time, results of the pion energy and pion angular and ejectile angular distributions are shown with both amplitudes properly included. Also for the first time in this work, pion and ejectile distributions are shown in the laboratory frame after the appropriate relativistic transformations are performed. The projectile-generated pion amplitude is the major contributor to the pion energy and ejectile angular distribution; whereas, both amplitudes are equally important in the pion angular distribution and give rise to a unique signature for coherent pion production as seen in the c.m. frame.

Dilepton spectra for p+p and p+d reactions at 4.9 GeV are calculated. We consider electromagnetic bremsstrahlung also in inelastic reactions. ${\mathit{N}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and ${\mathrm{\Delta }}^{\mathrm{*}}$ decays present the major contributions to the ρ and ω meson yields. Pion annihilation yields only ∼1.5% of all ρ’s in p+d. The ρ mass spectrum is strongly distorted due to phase space effects, populating dominantly dilepton masses below 770 MeV. It is found that inclusive production cross sections of ρ, ω, and η mesons in p+p are 3–4 times higher than the (measured) exclusive cross sections for pp+meson. This prediction could be checked by measuring the decays of ρ, ω, and η mesons into photons.

The ${}_{}{}^1{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$(d,2p)n deuteron breakup reaction was measured at 2 GeV deuteron energy in a kinematically complete experiment. Fivefold differential cross sections are given in a wide range of kinematical variables and analyzed in terms of impulse approximation and NN rescattering. The deuteron momentum density was determined and deviations were found depending on the value of the four-momentum transfer ‖t‖ in the scattering process. At low ‖t‖ the momentum densities are in good agreement with the impulse approximation whereas large discrepancies were found above q≊200 MeV/c when the four-momentum transfer was large. Various possible origins of the anomalous behavior at high q values are discussed.

Angular distributions of the tensor analyzing power ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{z}\mathit{z}}$ have been measured for ground state transitions in ${}_{}{}^{119}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$(d→,t${)}^{118}$Sn and ${}_{}{}^{149}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sm}$(d→,t${)}^{148}$Sm and the first excited state (0.263 MeV) ${\mathrm{in}}^{206}$Pb(d→,t${)}^{205}$Pb for deuteron energies well below the Coulomb barrier. Exact, finite-range distorted-wave Born approximation analyses of these data have been made to establish the asymptotic D- to S-state ratio for the triton, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathit{t}}$. These calculations include a deuteron-nucleus tensor potential determined from the folding model and a long-range tensor potential arising from the Coulomb interaction. Previously obtained ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{z}\mathit{z}}$(θ) data for the ground state transitions in ${}_{}{}^{95}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}$(d→,t${)}^{94}$Mo, ${}_{}{}^{119}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sn}$(d→,t${)}^{118}$Sn, and ${}_{}{}^{149}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sm}$(d→,t${)}^{148}$Sm at different sub-Coulomb energies have been reanalyzed. Also a careful investigation of possible uncertainties in the value of ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathit{t}}$ is presented. A best fit to the data gives ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathit{t}}$=-0.0411±0.0013±0.0012, somewhat lower than previous experimental determinations.

It is shown that a drastic reduction of the ratio of the rates of the reactions ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(${\mathrm{\pi }}^{\mathrm{-}}$,nn) and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(${\mathrm{\pi }}^{\mathrm{-}}$,np) for stopped pions is obtained once the effect of the short range two-nucleon components of the axial charge operator for the nuclear system is taken into account. In a calculation using simple wave functions but employing realistic models for the nucleon-nucleon interaction in the construction of these components of the axial charge operator, the predicted ratios can be brought to within 10–20 % of the empirical value.