We investigate the transverse momentum distribution (TMD) statistics from three different theoretical approaches. In particular, we explore the framework used for string models, wherein the particle production is given by the Schwinger mechanism. The thermal distribution arises from the Gaussian fluctuations of the string tension. The hard part of the TMD can be reproduced by considering heavy tailed string tension fluctuations, for instance, the Tsallis $q$-Gaussian function, giving rise to a confluent hypergeometric function that fits the entire experimental TMD data. We also discuss the QCD-based Hagerdon function, another family of fitting functions frequently used to describe the spectrum. We analyze the experimental data of minimum bias $pp$ collisions reported by the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments (from $\sqrt{s}=0.2$ TeV to $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV). We extracted the corresponding temperature by studying the behavior of the spectra at low transverse momentum values. For the three approaches, we compute all moments, highlighting the average, variance, and kurtosis. Finally, we compute the Shannon entropy and the heat capacity through the entropy derivative with respect to the temperature. We found that the $q$-Gaussian string tension fluctuations lead to a monotonically increasing heat capacity as a function of the center-of-mass energy, which is also observed for the Hagedorn fitting function. This behavior is consistent with the experimental observation that the temperature slowly rises with increments of the collision energy.

We compute the muon capture on deuteron in the doublet hyperfine state for a variety of nuclear interactions and consistent nuclear currents. Our analysis includes a detailed examination of the theoretical uncertainties coming from different sources: the single-nucleon axial form factor, the truncation of the interaction and current chiral expansion, and the model dependence. Moreover, we study the impact of the use of different power counting scheme for the electroweak currents on the truncation error. To estimate the truncation error of the chiral expansion of interactions and currents we use the most modern techniques based on Bayesian analysis. This method enables us to give a clear statistical interpretation of the computed theoretical uncertainties. Finally, we provide the differential capture rate as function of the kinetic energy of the outgoing neutron which may be measured in future experiments. Our recommended theoretical value for the total doublet capture rate is ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{\mathrm{th}}=395\pm 10{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ($68\%$ confidence level). We calculated also the capture rate in the quartet hyperfine state, which turns out to be in the range [13.3–13.8] ${\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ depending on the adopted nuclear interaction.

A measurement of the ${}^{94}\mathrm{Mo}$($p,\gamma$)${}^{95}\mathrm{Tc}$ cross section was performed. The cross section was measured in the energy range $E_{c.m.}=1.5–4.5$ MeV, spanning essentially the entirety of the Gamow window relevant to the astrophysical $\gamma \mathrm{process}$. The $\gamma$-summing technique was used to analyze the data. At lower energies the sum peak overlapped with peaks from the reaction ${}^{19}\mathrm{F}(p,\alpha \gamma ){}^{16}\mathrm{O}$, so a new analysis method was developed to filter out the contamination from the this reaction. The measured cross section values were compared to the non-smoker database. The measured cross sections show enhanced resonancelike features at low energies, which are not predicted in the non-smoker code. The effects of this new measurement on the reaction rate were examined. It was found that there is a significant enhancement at lower temperatures in the ($p,\gamma$) reaction rate due to the enhancements found in the cross section.

The shell closure at $N=32$ has been investigated by a first spectroscopy of the $N=31$ nucleus ${}^{49}\mathrm{Ar}$ at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory. Using the ${}^{50}\mathrm{Ar}(p,pn)$ reaction channel in inverse kinematics, ${}^{50}\mathrm{Ar}$ projectiles at 217 MeV/nucleon impinged on a 150 mm long liquid hydrogen target, part of the MINOS device. Prompt deexcitation $\gamma$ rays were measured with the NaI(Tl) array ${\mathrm{DALI}2}^{+}$. Reaction products were analyzed with the SAMURAI spectrometer, which allowed the measurement of the momentum distributions and angular momentum transfer. Data were compared to state-of-the-art theoretical predictions, including shell-model, energy-density functional, and ab initio calculations. An onset of collectivity is suggested besides the spherical configuration typical of a closed shell nucleus, such as for ${}^{52}\mathrm{Ca}$.

High-spin states of ${}^{91}\mathrm{Nb}$ have been investigated using the heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reaction ${}^{65}\mathrm{Cu}({}^{30}\mathrm{Si}$, $2p2n)$ at a beam energy of 120 MeV. States of ${}^{91}\mathrm{Nb}$ up to excitation energy $\approx 12$ MeV and spin $41/2\hslash$ have been observed with the addition of thirteen new $\gamma$-ray transitions to the proposed level scheme. Structures of positive- and negative-parity states up to the highest observed spin have been interpreted with shell-model calculations using the GWBXG interaction and a ${}^{68}\mathrm{Ni}$ core. High-spin states in this nucleus are dominated by the configurations involving both proton- and neutron-core excited structures. Owing to the presence of one valence proton in the $1g_{9/2}$ orbital, an important role of neutron excitation in the $1g_{7/2}$ orbital in generating the high-spin states in ${}^{91}\mathrm{Nb}$ has been identified.

Shear viscosity becomes anisotropic in a rotating medium. It is discovered here that for rotating thermalized quantum systems such as those created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, the coefficient of shear viscosity breaks up into five independent components. Similar phenomena were also discovered for quark-gluon plasma in the presence of the magnetic field. Like the Lorentz force at a finite magnetic field, the Coriolis force also creates anisotropic viscosity at nonzero rotation. As a first approach, for simplicity, the calculations are done in the nonrelativistic prescription, with a future proposal to extend it toward a relativistic description. Introducing the Coriolis force term in relaxation time approximated Boltzmann transport equation, we have found different effective relaxation times along the parallel, perpendicular, and Hall directions in terms of actual relaxation time and rotating time period. Comparing the present formalism with the finite magnetic field picture, we have shown the equivalence of roles between the rotating and cyclotron time periods, where the rotating time period is inverse of twice the angular velocity.

Rotating quarks and hadronic systems, produced in peripheral heavy ion collisions, can experience Coriolis force and other forces due to rotational motion. Considering only the effect of Coriolis force, we have calculated the electrical conductivity for nonrelativistic rotating matter using the relaxation time approximation under the Boltzmann transport equation. A similarity in mathematical calculations of electrical conductivity at finite rotation and finite magnetic fields is exposed, where an equivalence role between Coriolis force on massive particle's motion and Lorentz force on charged particle's motion is noticed. As the beginning level step, we consider only the Coriolis force in the nonrelativistic formalism, which will be extended in the future towards the relativistic case, and to adopt other forces for a more realistic description of the rotating quark and hadronic system.

The radioactive decay properties of ${}^{242}\mathrm{Es}$ were studied at the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA. This isotope was produced in the $3n$ evaporation channel of the fusion reaction of ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+{}^{197}\mathrm{Au}$. A half-life of 16.9(8) s was deduced from 662 $\alpha$ decays of ${}^{242}\mathrm{Es}$, resulting in an $\alpha$-decay branching of 41(3)%. Twenty-six fission events with a half-life of $18.2_{-3.0}^{+4.5}\mathrm{s}$ were assigned to originate from the electron-capture delayed fission of ${}^{242}\mathrm{Es}$. The probability for the electron-capture delayed fission was measured to be 0.015(4), which improves and resolves ambiguities in available experimental data. We discuss all known cases for electron-capture delayed fission in Es, Bk, and Am isotopes and compare experimental data with predictions from a recent semiempirical model. A cross section of 27(3) nb was measured for the production of ${}^{242}\mathrm{Es}$.

We have studied the shear and bulk viscosities of asymmetric nuclear matter in the mechanical and chemical instability region based on isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport simulations in a box system. The Green-Kubo method is used to calculate these viscosities with a prepared dynamically equilibrated nuclear system with hot clusters. While the behavior of the shear viscosity is largely affected by energy-dependent nucleon-nucleon cross sections, the bulk viscosity increases significantly in the presence of nuclear clusters compared to that in uniform nuclear matter. Increasing isospin asymmetry generally increases both viscosities, while their behaviors are qualitatively modified once the isospin asymmetry is large enough to affect significantly the spinodal region. Our calculation shows that the bulk viscosity is more sensitive to the nuclear clustering than the shear viscosity and is thus a robust quantity related to the phase diagram of asymmetric nuclear matter.

The production mechanisms of charmonium states in both hadronic and heavy-ion collisions hold great significance for investigating the hot and dense QCD matter. Studying charmonium polarization in ultrarelativistic collisions can also provide insights into the underlying production mechanisms. With this motivation, we explore the $J/\psi$ and $\psi \left(2S\right)$ polarization in proton$+$proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$, 8, and 13 TeV using a pQCD-inspired Monte Carlo event generator called pythia8. This work considers reconstructed quarkonia through their dimuons decay channel in the ALICE forward rapidity acceptance range of $2.5<y_{\mu \mu }<4$. Further, we calculate the polarization parameters ${\lambda }_{\theta }, {\lambda }_{\varphi }, {\lambda }_{\theta \varphi }$ from the polar and azimuthal angular distributions of the dimuons in helicity and Collins-Soper frames. This study presents a comprehensive measurement of the polarization parameters as a function of transverse momentum, charged-particle multiplicity, and rapidity at the LHC energies. Our findings of charmonium polarization are in qualitative agreement with the corresponding experimental data.

Hyperorder cumulants $C_5/C_1$ and $C_6/C_2$ of net-baryon distributions are anticipated to offer crucial insights into the phase transition from quark-gluon plasma to hadronic matter in heavy-ion collisions. However, the accuracy of $C_5$ and $C_6$ is highly contingent on the fine shape of the distribution's tail, the detectable range of which could be essentially truncated by low statistics. In this paper, we use the fast Skellam-based simulations, as well as the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model, to assess the impact of limited statistics on the measurements of $C_5/C_1$ and $C_6/C_2$ of net-proton distributions at lower energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Both ratios decrease from the unity baseline as we reduce statistics and could even turn negative without a pertinent physics mechanism. By incorporating statistics akin to experimental data, we can replicate the net-proton $C_5/C_1$ and $C_6/C_2$ values comparable to the corresponding measurements for $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$, 11.5, and 14.5 GeV. Our findings underscore a caveat to the interpretation of the observed beam energy dependence of hyperorder cumulants.

The neutron skin thickness of the benchmark nucleus ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ is crucial for our understanding of the equation of state of nuclear matter. In this paper, we discuss the effect of the neutron skin on the flow ratio observables in the semi-isobaric collisions ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and ${}^{197}\mathrm{Au}+{}^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ using iebe-vishnu hydrodynamic simulations. Our results suggest that ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and ${}^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ should have the same magnitude of neutron skin thickness to describe the anisotropic flow ratios between the semi-isobaric systems. Our method provides an unconventional way to determine the neutron skin with the existing relativistic heavy ion collision data.

Atomic masses of the neutron-rich isotopes ${}^{83,84}\mathrm{Ga}, {}^{82–86}\mathrm{Ge}, {}^{82–89}\mathrm{As}, {}^{82,84–91}\mathrm{Se}, {}^{85,86,89–92}\mathrm{Br}, {}^{89,91,92}\mathrm{Kr}$, and ${}^{91}\mathrm{Rb}$ have been measured with high precision and accuracy using the multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph at the RIBF facility. The masses of ${}^{88,89}\mathrm{As}$ were measured for the first time and the mass uncertainties of ${}^{86}\mathrm{Ge}$ and ${}^{90,91}\mathrm{Se}$ were significantly reduced from several hundred keV to below the 10 keV scale. Investigation of shell evolution and potential subshell closures are proceeded by analysis of two-neutron separation energy systematics. As a result of the precise mass measurements, no prominent change on the slope of the two-neutron separation energy beyond $N=56$ is observed in Se isotopes, indicating the subshell closure effect at $N=56$ of Se does not exist. Also, various leading mass models are compared with the measurements. The impact of the more precisely known data on $r$-process nucleosynthesis calculations is investigated in light of these new mass measurements, showing a remarkable reduction of reaction-rate uncertainties.

Built upon the state-of-the-art model a multiphase transport, we develop a new module of chiral anomaly transport (CAT) to trace the evolution of the initial topological charge of the gauge field created through sphaleron transition at finite temperature and the external magnetic field in heavy-ion collisions. The eventual experimental signals of the chiral magnetic effect (CME) have been measured. The CAT explicitly shows the generation and evolution of the charge separation, the signals of the CME through the CAT are quantitatively in agreement with the experimental measurements in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV, and the centrality dependence of the CME fraction follows that of the fireball temperature. Our simulation supports the generation of the CME.

The lifetimes of the first $2^{+}$ states in ${}^{116,118}\mathrm{Te}$ were measured by means of the recoil distance Doppler-shift technique with the CIAE-plunger coupled to a HPGe array via ${}^{107}\mathrm{Ag}({}^{12}\mathrm{C},3n)$ and ${}^{110}\mathrm{Pd}({}^{12}\mathrm{C},p3n)$ reactions, respectively. The spectra are analyzed using the differential decay curve method. An improved precision for the lifetime of the $2_1^{+}$ state in ${}^{118}\mathrm{Te}$ was obtained, $\tau \left(2_1^{+}\right)=8.2\left(5\right)$ ps, as well as a first measurement of the $2_1^{+}$ state in ${}^{116}\mathrm{Te}, \tau \left(2_1^{+}\right)=5.1\left(3\right)$ ps. The lifetime values complete the systematic data near midshell and contribute to the understanding of how quadrupole collectivity evolves in this mass region. The resulting $B(E2,0_1^{+}\to 2_1^{+})$ transitions strength are discussed in relation to the systematics of the previously reported $B(E2,0_1^{+}\to 2_1^{+})$ values in the Te isotopes and compared to the predictions of several models.

Scattering experiments were performed at the Geel Electron Linear Accelerator (GELINA) to determine the differential cross sections of neutron elastic and inelastic scattering on ${}^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$, using a highly enriched sample. Neutron energies were calculated via the time-of-flight technique. The scattered neutrons were detected using the ELastic and Inelastic Scattering Array (ELISA), a spectrometer consisting of 32 liquid organic scintillators, able to separate neutron and photon induced events via pulse-shape analysis. The detectors are mounted at eight specific angles with respect to the neutron beam direction to allow the concurrent calculation of both the differential and the integral cross section using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule. For elastic scattering, angular distributions and integral cross sections were produced in the energy range from 1 to 8 MeV, whereas for inelastic scattering, partial differential and angle integrated cross sections were estimated from the first excited state of ${}^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$ in the energy range from 2.5 to 5.5 MeV. The results are compared with the available experimental and evaluated nuclear data, as well as with theoretical calculations performed with the TALYS 1.9 and EMPIRE 3.2 codes.

Heavy-ion collisions, such as Pb-Pb or p-Pb, produce extreme conditions in temperature and density that make the hadronic matter transition to a new state, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Simulations of heavy-ion collisions provide a way to improve our understanding of the QGP's properties. These simulations are composed of a hybrid description that results in final observables in agreement with accelerators like LHC and RHIC. However, recent works pointed out that these hydrodynamic simulations can display acausal behavior during the evolution in certain regions, indicating a deviation from a faithful representation of the underlying QCD dynamics. To pursue a better understanding of this problem and its consequences, this work simulated two different collision systems, Pb-Pb and p-Pb at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV. In this context, our results show that causality violation, even though always present, typically occurs on a small part of the system, quantified by the total energy fraction residing in the acausal region. In addition, the acausal behavior can be reduced with changes in the prehydrodynamic factors and the definition of the bulk-viscous relaxation time. Since these aspects are fairly arbitrary in current simulation models, without solid guidance from the underlying theory, it is reasonable to use the disturbing presence of acausal behavior in current simulations to guide improvements towards more realistic modeling. While this work does not solve the acausality problem, it sheds more light on this issue and also proposes a way to solve this problem in simulations of heavy-ion collisions.

The contribution of $J/\psi$ production from coherent and incoherent photon-induced production is calculated in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV. The yield and nuclear modification factors $\left(R_{AA}\right)$ contributed by photoproduction are presented as functions of transverse momentum $\left(p_T\right)$ and centrality at both mid- and forward rapidity $\left(\mathrm{y}\right)$. The $R_{AA}$ of $J/\psi$ from photoproduction is found to be as high as 0.6 in the lowest $p_T$ bin ($0<p_T<1$ GeV/$c$) at midrapidity in 60–92% Au+Au collisions. The $R_{AA}$ measured in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV are corrected by subtracting the calculated photoproduction contribution.