Isobaric analog states populated in the $\mathrm{}(p,d)\mathrm{}$ reaction on ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ are studied using $65$ MeV high resolution protons. Weakly excited analogs assigned previously as confused spin states are found with proper spins and strengths in the background of a number of normal states. Deviation of the excitation energies of analogs from those calculated with the Coulomb displacement energy is found reasonably to be a function of the excitation energy. Possible anti-analogs of the ${1f}_{7/2},$ ${2s}_{1/2},$ and ${1d}_{3/2}$ hole states are observed.

The reactions $p\overrightarrow{n}d\omega$ and $p\overrightarrow{n}d\phi$ are studied within a relativistic meson-exchange model of hadronic interactions. Predictions for the total cross sections and for the angular distributions of the vector mesons are presented. The resulting cross sections near threshold are around 10–30 $\mu \mathrm{b}$ for $p\overrightarrow{n}d\omega$ and 200–250 nb for $p\overrightarrow{n}d\phi .$ A moderate deviation of the cross section ratio ${\sigma }_{p\overrightarrow{n}d\phi }/{\sigma }_{p\overrightarrow{n}d\omega }$ from that of the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule is predicted.

Calculation of the excitation functions and isomeric cross section ratio of ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{}(n,p)\mathrm{}}^{58}{\mathrm{Co}}^{m,g}$ reactions has been carried out using Hauser-Feshbach and preequilibrium nuclear reaction model codes in the 1–20 MeV energy range, and compared with measurements and previous calculations. The structure in the isomeric cross section ratio curve in the low-energy region has been investigated. The anomaly of the branching ratio of the 53 keV ${(4\mathrm{}}^{+})$ state to the isomeric states has been resolved by using more precise formalism of the $\gamma$-ray transition probabilities available in the literature for the continuum and discrete levels.

The event-by-event fluctuations of the ratio of positively to negatively charged hadrons are predicted within the UrQMD model. Corrections for finite acceptance and finite net charge are derived. These corrections are relevant to compare experimental data and transport model results to previous predictions. The calculated fluctuations at RHIC and SPS energies are shown to be compatible with a hadron gas, thus, deviating by a factor of 3 from the predictions for a thermalized quark-gluon plasma.

We compare relativistic transport model calculations to recent data on the sideward flow of neutral strange $K_s^0$ mesons for Au+Au collisions at $6A\mathrm{GeV}.$ A soft nuclear equation of state is found to describe very well the positive proton flow data measured in the same experiment. In the absence of the kaon potential, the $K^0$ flow pattern is similar to that of protons. The kaon flow becomes negative if a repulsive kaon potential determined from the impulse approximation is introduced. However, this potential underestimates the data which exhibit larger antiflow. An excellent agreement with the data is obtained when a relativistic scalar-vector kaon potential, that has stronger density dependence, is used. We further find that the transverse momentum dependence of directed and elliptic flow is quite sensitive to the kaon potential in dense matter.

We show that the quark fragmentation function $D\left(z\right)\mathrm{}$ and the quark distribution function $q\left(x\right)\mathrm{}$ are connected in the $\overrightarrow{z}1$ limit by the approximate relation $D\left(z\right)/z\simeq q(2\mathrm{}-1/z),$ where both quantities are in their physical regions. Predictions for proton production in inelastic $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ annihilation, based on the new relation and standard parametrizations of quark distribution functions, are found to be compatible with the data.

The deuteron electromagnetic form factors, ${A(Q}^2)$ and ${B(Q}^2),$ and the tensor polarization $T_{20}{(Q}^2),$ are unambiguously calculated within the front-form relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics, by using a novel current, built up from one-body terms, which fulfills Poincaré, parity, and time reversal covariance, together with Hermiticity and the continuity equation. A simultaneous description of the experimental data for the three deuteron form factors is achieved up to $Q^2<0.4\mathrm{}\hspace{0.5em}(\mathrm{GeV}{/c)}^2.$ At higher momentum transfer, different nucleon-nucleon interactions strongly affect ${A(Q}^2),$ ${B(Q}^2),$ and $T_{20}{(Q}^2),$ and the effects of the interactions can be related to S-state kinetic energy in the deuteron. Different nucleon form factor models have huge effects on ${A(Q}^2),$ smaller effects on ${B(Q}^2),$ and essentially none on $T_{20}{(Q}^2).\mathrm{}$

The pseudo-SU(3) model is used to describe the low-energy spectra and electromagnetic transition strengths in ${}^{156}\mathrm{Gd},$ ${}^{158}\mathrm{Gd},$ and ${}^{160}\mathrm{Gd}.$ The Hamiltonian includes spherical single-particle energies, the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction, proton and neutron pairing interactions, plus four rotorlike terms. The quadrupole-quadrupole and pairing interaction strengths are assigned the values $\chi {=23A}^{-5/3}$ and $G_{\pi }=21/A,$ $G_{\nu }=17/A,$ respectively. The single-particle energies were taken from experiment but scaled to yield an overall best fit. For the other four rotorlike terms, which do not mix SU(3) representations and induce only small changes in the spectra, a consistent set of parameters is given. The basis states are built as linear combinations of SU(3) states which are the direct product of SU(3) proton and neutron states with pseudospin zero. The results are in good agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the suitability of the model to describe heavy deformed nuclei.

The $8\pi$ $\gamma$-ray spectrometer has been used to resolve high-spin states in the nucleus ${}^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ following the reaction ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ca}{(}^{13}\mathrm{C}{,5n)}^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ at a beam energy of 65 MeV. This study has extended the known decay scheme of ${}^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ to $J^{\pi }{=(13\mathrm{}}^{+})ħ.$ The experimental decay scheme is compared with theoretical shell model calculations within the $\mathrm{pf}$ shell valence space.

In two complementary measurements, a cubelike array of six Euroball-Cluster germanium detectors and a total-absorption γ spectrometer were used to investigate the β decay of ${}^{98}\mathrm{Ag},$ a three-proton-hole and one-neutron-particle nucleus with respect to the ${}^{100}\mathrm{Sn}$ core. The half-life and ${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{EC}}$ value of the decay were determined to be 47.7(0.3) s and 8200(70) MeV, respectively. A total of 438 γ rays (414 new) was observed, and 173 levels (163 new) in ${}^{98}\mathrm{Pd}$ have been identified. The Gamow-Teller (GT) β-decay strength distribution from the total-absorption γ spectroscopy reveals a large GT resonance around 6 MeV with a width of about 2 MeV. The hindrance factor for the total GT strength, summed from the ground state up to 7.8 MeV excitation energy in ${}^{98}\mathrm{Pd},$ amounts to 4.6(6) with reference to a shell-model calculation which yields good agreement with the shape of the experimental GT resonance.

The experimental results for the $({\pi }^{+},{\pi }^{-})$ reaction on nuclei obtained in recent years reveal clear systematic features of this reaction. New data on ${}^7\mathrm{Li},$ ${}^{12}\mathrm{C},$ ${}^{16}\mathrm{O},$ and ${}^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ supplementing the existing data base are presented. The data on ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ are partly at variance with previous results. The dependence of the cross sections on incident energy, scattering angle, and on the target mass is discussed for transitions leading to the ground state of the final nucleus or to the double isobaric analog state.

We investigate the effects arising out of the $E1\mathrm{}-E2\mathrm{}$ interference in the Coulomb dissociation of ${}^8\mathrm{B}$ at beam energies below and around 50 MeV/nucleon. The theory has been formulated within a first order semiclassical scheme of Coulomb excitation, in which both the ground state and the continuum state wave functions of ${}^8\mathrm{B}$ enter as inputs. We find that the magnitude of the interference could be large in some cases. However, there are some specific observables which are free from the effects of the $E1\mathrm{}-E2\mathrm{}$ interference, which is independent of the models used to describe the structure of ${}^8\mathrm{B}.$ This will be useful for the analysis of the breakup data in relation to the extraction of the astrophysical factor $S_{17}\mathrm{}\left(0\right).$

The matter and the charge distributions of the ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ and ${}^{5,6,7,9}\mathrm{Li}$ isotopes are investigated within the dynamic-correlation model (DCM) which describes the ground states of light nuclei in terms of microscopic correlated clusters: the valence particles and the intrinsic vacuum states. The amplitudes of these mixed-mode wave functions are calculated in the framework of nonperturbative solutions of the equation of motion method (EOMM). The matter and charge mean square radii are in good agreement with experimental results. The calculated matter distribution of the ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ nucleus is characterized by a halo structure less pronounced than that calculated by the three cluster models. The charge distribution of ${}^6\mathrm{Li}$ reproduces well the electron scattering data. Good agreement with experimental data has been also achieved for the proton scattering cross sections of $p{-}^6\mathrm{He}$ at an energy of 0.7 GeV/nucleon.

In ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, early stage multiple scatterings may lead to an increase of the color electric field strength. Consequently, particle production—especially heavy quark (and diquark) production—is greatly enhanced according to the Schwinger mechanism. We test this idea via the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model (UrQMD) for Au+Au collisions at the full RHIC energy $(\sqrt{s}=200A\hspace{0.5em}\mathrm{GeV}).\mathrm{}$ Relative to $p+p$ collisions, a factor of 60, 20, and 7 enhancement, respectively, for $\Omega$ $\mathrm{}\left(\mathrm{sss}\right),$ $\Xi$ $\mathrm{}\left(\mathrm{ss}\right),$ and $\Lambda ,$ $\Sigma$ $\mathrm{}\left(s\right)\mathrm{}$ is predicted for a model with increased color electric field strength.

A transformation of supersymmetric quantum mechanics for N coupled channels is presented, which allows the introduction of up to N degenerate bound states without altering the remaining spectrum of the Hamiltonian. Phase equivalence of the Hamiltonian can be restored by two successive supersymmetric transformations at the same energy. The method is successfully applied to the ${}^3{S}_1{-}^3{D}_1$ coupled channels of the nucleon-nucleon system and a set of Moscow-type potentials is thus generated.

Level widths and level densities of nuclei in the $32<~A<~60$ mass region are inferred from the fluctuation analysis of total neutron cross sections. The experimentally determined level densities are compared to phenomenological and microscopic predictions. The total neutron cross sections were measured in the $0.75<~E_n<~11.3\hspace{0.5em}\mathrm{MeV}$ range for ${}^{31}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{32}\mathrm{S},$ ${}^{39}\mathrm{K},$ ${}^{51}\mathrm{V},$ ${}^{56}\mathrm{Fe},$ and ${}^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ using a white neutron source and standard time-of-flight techniques. Measured cross sections agree well in magnitude and structure with earlier measurements. Nuclear level widths and cross section variances were determined for the compound nuclei ${}^{32}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ ${}^{40}\mathrm{K},$ ${}^{52}\mathrm{V},$ ${}^{57}\mathrm{Fe},$ and ${}^{60}\mathrm{Co}$ by means of Fourier analysis of the fluctuating excitation functions and subsequent least squares fit to the resulting $\ln S_k$ spectra. Nuclear level densities for the above compound nuclei were extracted by relating them to the variance (variance method) of the total neutron cross sections via Ericson theory of fluctuating cross sections. Furthermore, level density values were derived by relating level densities to average level widths (gamma method) via compound nuclear theory. The present study shows good agreement between the two methods for ${}^{32}\mathrm{P}$ and ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ with an uncertainty of 30–40 %. Inclusion of a finite energy resolution correction and use of local instead of global optical model parameters improve agreement, but do not resolve the discrepancy between the two methods completely, especially for $A>\mathrm{}40.\mathrm{}$ Nuclear level densities were compared with microscopic calculations utilizing a BCS pairing Hamiltonian and specific sets of realistic sets of single-particle energies. A further comparison was made with results obtained from phenomenological models based on the Fermi gas formalism. For ${}^{32}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ and ${}^{40}\mathrm{K},$ experimental values and phenomenological predictions agree well, but diverge with increasing A. From least squares fits to the present level density data, level density parameters $(a$ and $\Delta )$ were extracted for ${}^{32}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ and ${}^{40}\mathrm{K}.$ Results for the level density parameter are consistent with $a=A/9.\mathrm{}$

We study the local equilibrium in the central $V=125\mathrm{}\hspace{0.5em}{\mathrm{fm}}^3$ cell in heavy-ion collisions at energies from 10.7A GeV (AGS) to 160A GeV (SPS) calculated in the microscopic transport model. In the present paper the hadron yields and energy spectra in the cell are compared with those of infinite nuclear matter, as calculated within the same model. The agreement between the spectra in the two systems is established for times $t>~10\hspace{0.5em}\mathrm{fm}/c$ in the central cell. The cell results do not deviate noticeably from the infinite matter calculations with rising incident energy, in contrast to the apparent discrepancy with predictions of the statistical model (SM) of an ideal hadron gas. The entropy of this state is found to be very close to the maximum entropy, while hadron abundances and energy spectra differ significantly from those of the SM.

Molecular resonances recently observed in the ${}^{12}{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{Be}}}^6\mathrm{He}{+}^6\mathrm{He}$ breakup-reaction experiment are studied by the microscopic coupled-channels (CC) calculation of the ${}^6\mathrm{He}{+}^6\mathrm{He}$ scattering, in which excitations of the soft-dipole and quadrupole modes of the colliding ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ nuclei are taken into account in the Goldhaber-Teller model. The CC calculation predicts several molecular-rotational bands in the energy range of the observed resonances and the energies and spins of the calculated resonances agree well with the experimental data.

We have performed kinematically complete measurements of dissociation of ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ into ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ and two neutrons at $E/A=24\mathrm{}$ MeV. The targets were Sn and Pb. A prominent peak around 0.4 MeV in the relative energy distribution of the ${}^6\mathrm{He}+n$ system is consistent with the ground state of ${}^7\mathrm{He},$ suggesting sequential decay via ${}^7\mathrm{He}$ in ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ dissociation. Further evidence of the sequential decay was found in neutron momentum distributions. The excitation energy distributions of ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ were reconstructed. For the Sn target, it shows a peak which is suggestive of the first excited state of ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ ${(E}_x=3.6\mathrm{}$ MeV, $\Gamma =0.5\mathrm{}$ MeV, and $J^{\pi }{=2\mathrm{}}^{+}).\mathrm{}$ The distribution for the Pb target was found to have a broad structure, indicating the $E1\mathrm{}$ continuum, as observed in measurements of other halo nuclei. The photonuclear cross section ${\sigma }_{E1\mathrm{}}{(E}_x)$ and the dipole strength function ${\mathrm{dB}\left(E1\mathrm{}\right)/dE}_d$ were deduced for the first time. The integrated dipole strength up to 3 MeV decay energy is $0.091\pm 0.026$ $e^2{\mathrm{fm}}^2.$ Insignificant energy-weighted strength, compared to the cluster sum rule, indicates that ${}^8\mathrm{He}$ does not have the ${}^6\mathrm{He}+2n$ structure. Agreement of the measured neutron momentum distributions with the COSMA model is in favor of the ${}^4\mathrm{He}+4n$ structure.

Glauber theory in the optical limit is used in a global analysis of proton-nucleus reaction cross sections. A large body of data with target mass $9<~A<~238$ and energies $6<~E<~800$ MeV has been analyzed. A good description is obtained in the entire range of mass and energy. The extracted rms radii are consistent with the corresponding values from high energy electron scattering and muonic atom x-ray measurements, as well as with relativistic mean field calculations.