To investigate the importance of three-nucleon forces (3NF) systematically over a broad range of intermediate energies, the differential cross sections of elastic proton-deuteron scattering have been measured at proton bombarding energies of 108, 120, 135, 150, 170, and $190\text{MeV}$ at c.m. angles between $30°$ and $170°$. Comparisons with Faddeev calculations show unambiguously the shortcomings of calculations employing only two-body forces and the necessity of including 3NF. They also show the limitations of the latest few-nucleon calculations at backward angles, especially at higher beam energies. Some of these discrepancies could be partially due to relativistic effects. Data at lowest energy are also compared with a recent calculation based on $\chi \text{PT}$.

We have studied the emission of projectilelike fragments from ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+{}^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ and ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}+{}^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$ reactions forming the same compound nucleus ${}^{105}\mathrm{Ag}$ at the same excitation energy $\left(E_X=76\text{MeV}\right)$ and with very similar spin distributions. A strong entrance channel dependence favoring breakup into the entrance channel with large excitation energy has been seen for ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+{}^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ system, but not for ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}+{}^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$ system. In the case of ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+{}^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$ reaction also, unexpectedly, large back-angle oxygen yield has been seen. The results indicate formation of orbiting complex for reactions between spherical nuclei such as ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+{}^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+{}^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$ at large orbital angular momentum near ${\ell }_{crit}$.

The measurement of exclusive deuteron-proton breakup for kinematics covering a large fraction of the available phase space has been performed using $130\text{MeV}$ deuteron beam. High precision fivefold cross section data in 38 kinematical configurations have been compared to predictions of modern nuclear forces. To this aim the three-nucleon $\left(3N\right)$ Faddeev equations have been solved rigorously using the nucleon-nucleon (NN) potentials AV18, charge-dependent Bonn, Nijm I, and Nijm II alone, and combining them with the $2\pi$-exchange Tucson-Melbourne three-nucleon force (TM $3\text{NF}$) and with its modified version TM99, more consistent with chiral symmetry. The AV18 potential was also combined with the Urbana IX $3\text{NF}$. Global comparison of the measured cross sections to pairwise NN force predictions only and with $3\text{NF}$’s included clearly reveals the presence of $3\text{NF}$ effects. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of the kinematically complete breakup reaction studied in the full phase space to search for $3\text{NF}$ effects.

Anharmonic features of the low-lying collective states in the ${}^{98–106}\mathrm{Ru}$ isotopes have been investigated systematically by using the microscopic anharmonic vibrator approach (MAVA). MAVA is based on a realistic microscopic $G$-matrix Hamiltonian, only slightly renormalized in the adopted large realistic single-particle spaces. This Hamiltonian is used to derive equations of motion for the mixing of one- and two-phonon degrees of freedom starting from collective phonons of the quasiparticle random-phase approximation. Analysis of the level energies and the electric quadrupole decays of the two-phonon type of states indicates that ${}^{100}\mathrm{Ru}$ can be interpreted as being a transitional nucleus between the spherical anharmonic vibrator ${}^{98}\mathrm{Ru}$ and the quasirotational heavier ${}^{102–106}\mathrm{Ru}$ isotopes.

We present a simple scheme for taking into account the resonant continuum coupling in the relativistic mean field-BCS calculations. In this scheme, applied before in nonrelativistic calculations, the effect of the resonant continuum on pairing correlations is introduced through the scattering wave functions located in the region of the resonant states. These states are found by solving the relativistic mean field equations with scattering-type boundary conditions for the continuum spectrum. The calculations are done for the neutron-rich Zr isotopes. It is shown that the sudden increase of the neutron radii close to the neutron drip line, the so-called giant halo, is determined by a few resonant states close to the continuum threshold.

We argue that fermion-boson mapping techniques represent a natural tool for studying many-body supersymmetry in fermionic systems with pairing. In particular, using the generalized Dyson mapping of a many-level fermion superalgebra with the SU(2) type of pairing we investigate two kinds of supersymmetry connecting excitations in the systems with even and odd particle numbers: dynamical supersymmetry, which ensures a unified classification of states for both even and odd populations, and invariant supersymmetry with actual degeneracies of states within the same supermultiplet. Dynamical supersymmetries based on the dynamical algebra of the type $\mathrm{U}\left(K∕2\Omega \right)$ (where $K$ and $2\Omega$ denote the number of fermion-pair and single-fermion states, respectively) naturally arise in the bosonized description of the system. Conditions for invariant supersymmetry are determined in a restricted case of bilinear supercharge operators.

We have constructed four new complete mass tables, referred to as (Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov) HFB-4 to HFB-7, each one including all the 9200 nuclei lying between the two drip lines over the range of $Z$ and $N⩾8$ and $Z⩽120$. HFB-4 and HFB-5 have the isoscalar effective mass $M_s^{*}$ constrained to the value $0.92M$, with the former having a density-independent pairing, and the latter a density-dependent pairing. HFB-6 and HFB-7 are similar, except that $M_s^{*}$ is constrained to $0.8M$. The rms errors of the mass-data fits are 0.680, 0.675, 0.686, and $0.676\text{MeV}$, respectively, almost as good as for the HFB-2 mass formula, for which $M_s^{*}$ was unconstrained. However, as usual, the single-particle spectra depend significantly on $M_s^{*}$. This decoupling of the mass fits from the fits to the single-particle spectra has been achieved only by making the cutoff parameter of the $\delta$-function pairing force a free parameter. An improved treatment of the center-of-mass correction was adopted, but although this makes a difference to individual nuclei it does not reduce the overall rms error of the fit. The extrapolations of all four new mass formulas out to the drip lines are essentially the same as for the original HFB-2 mass formula.

Cross sections for production of a broad variety of high-spin isomers, i.e., ${}^{177}{\mathrm{Hf}}^{m2}\left(37∕2^{-}\right)$, ${}^{179}{\mathrm{Hf}}^{m2}\left(25∕2^{-}\right)$, ${}^{177}{\mathrm{Lu}}^m\left(23∕2^{-}\right)$, ${}^{180}{\mathrm{Hf}}^m\left(8^{-}\right)$, and ${}^{178}{\mathrm{Ta}}^m\left(7^{-}\right)$ from ${}^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ targets irradiated with 100, 145, 200, 350, and $500\text{MeV}$ protons have been measured by off-line $\gamma$-spectroscopy. A radiochemical procedure was used to achieve high sensitivity. Isomer ratios in products ranging down to ${10}^{-3}$ were based on experimentally measured and theoretically calculated cross sections. It was demonstrated that the isomer ratio does not depend essentially on proton energy in the given range. Regularities in formation of isomeric states in different nuclear reactions are discussed.

The yields, energy spectra, and angular distributions of the transfer reaction products were measured in ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}+{}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ reactions at bombarding energies above the Coulomb barrier. It was found that the one-proton pickup cross section is enhanced in ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}+{}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ reaction relative to that in ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}+{}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ reaction, indicating the influence of target shell closure in the nucleon transfer process. The various aspects of sequential and massive cluster transfers were studied in both reactions from Q value and nucleon mass transfer systematics. The energy spectra and the angular distribution for all the transfer channels were calculated in the framework of diffractional distorted wave Born approximation model for both systems.

The cross section for the reaction ${}^{127}\mathrm{I}({\nu }_e,e^{-}){}^{127}{\mathrm{Xe}}_{\mathrm{bound\hspace{0.17em}states}}$ has been measured for electron neutrinos from the decay of stopped muons to be $[2.84\pm 0.91\left(\text{stat}\right)\pm 0.25\left(\text{syst}\right)]\times {10}^{-40}{\text{cm}}^2$. A tank containing $1540\text{kg}$ of ${}^{127}\mathrm{I}$ in the form of NaI solution was placed $8.53\mathrm{m}$ from the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility beamstop, where it received a typical flux of $5\times {10}^7{\nu }_e∕\left({\text{cm}}^2\mathrm{s}\right)$. The ${}^{127}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms produced by neutrino capture were extracted from the target solution, placed in miniature proportional counters, and their number was determined by counting. This is the first measurement of a neutrino capture cross section for an $\mathrm{I}$ nucleus and is in good agreement with a recent calculation.

We report on the first detailed measurements of electron backscattering from low $Z$ targets at energies up to $124\text{keV}$. Both energy and angular distributions of the backscattered electrons are measured and compared with electron transport simulations based on the Geant4 and Penelope Monte Carlo simulation codes. Comparisons are also made with previous, less extensive, measurements and with measurements at lower energies.

The low-lying spectrum of ${}_{32}{}^{72}\mathrm{Ge}$ nucleus is constructed in the context of a deformed configuration mixing shell model approach based on Hartree-Fock states. We use as two-body interaction the modified Kuo effective-interaction for the $f_{5∕2}p{g}_{9∕2}$ valence space. Subsequently, the matrix elements for transitions to low-lying excitations induced by the exotic $\mu \text{−}e$ conversion operators on this isotope are calculated. This study is, among other reasons, motivated by the recent estimations on the ${\mu }^{-}\to e^{-}$ branching ratio, $R_{\mu e}\left(A,Z\right)$, which have shown that $R_{\mu e}$ becomes maximum for $Z\approx 30–60$, a region of the periodic table that includes the Ge isotopes.

We performed fluctuation analysis by means of the local scaling dimension for the strength function of the isoscalar (IS) and the isovector (IV) giant quadrupole resonances in ${}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, where the strength functions are obtained by the shell model calculation within up to the $2p2h$ configurations. It is found that at small energy scale, fluctuation of the strength function almost obeys the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) random matrix theory limit. On the other hand, we found a deviation from the GOE limit at the intermediate energy scale of about $1.7\text{MeV}$ for the IS and at $0.9\text{MeV}$ for the IV. The results imply that different types of fluctuations coexist at different energy scales. Detailed analysis strongly suggests that GOE fluctuation at small energy scale is due to the complicated nature of $2p2h$ states and that fluctuation at the intermediate energy scale is associated with the spreading width of the Tamm-Dancoff $1p1h$ states.

New spectroscopic information for the proton-rich nuclei ${}^{186}\mathrm{Pb}$ and ${}^{186}\mathrm{Tl}$ has been obtained from an experiment using the ${}^{48}\mathrm{Ti}+{}^{142}\mathrm{Nd}$ reaction at two different beam energies near the Coulomb barrier. The evaporation residue nuclei from this very fissile system have been selected with the detector system HERCULES and residue gated $\gamma$ rays have been measured with GAMMASPHERE. The electric quadrupole $\left(E2\right)$ character of several transitions in ${}^{186}\mathrm{Pb}$ has been established.

Asymmetric nuclear matter is studied in the frame of relativistic mean-field theory, using scalar-isoscalar $\sigma$, vector-isoscalar $\omega$ meson together with their self-interactions, vector-isovector $\rho$ meson with its cross interaction with $\omega$ meson too, and scalar-isovector $\delta$ meson as degrees of freedom. The model is used to parametrize the nuclear matter property results calculated by more fundamental Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory, and thus to provide an effective Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock model applicable also to finite nuclei. Vector $\omega \text{−}\rho$ cross interaction seems to be an useful degree of freedom for describing of the asymmetric nuclear matter, mostly due to its impact on density dependence of the symmetry energy.

We examine isovector and isoscalar proton-neutron-pairing correlations for the ground state of even-even Ge isotopes with mass number $A=64–76$ within the deformed BCS approach. For $N=Z$ ${}_{32}{}^{64}\mathrm{Ge}$ the BCS solution with only $T=0$ proton-neutron pairs is found. For other nuclear systems $(N>Z)$ a coexistence of $T=0$ and $T=1$ pairs in the BCS wave function is observed. The problem of fixing of strengths of isoscalar and isovector pairing interactions is addressed. The dependence of number of like and unlike pairs in the BCS ground state on the difference between number of neutrons and protons is discussed. We found that for nuclei with $N$ much bigger than $Z$ the effect of proton-neutron pairing is small but not negligible.

We investigate the ground-state structure of ${}^8\mathrm{B}$ within the Skyrme Hartree-Fock framework where spin-orbit part of the effective interaction is adjusted to reproduce the one-proton separation energy of this nucleus. Using same set of force parameters, binding energies and root mean square radii of other light $p$-shell unstable nuclei ${}^8\mathrm{Li}$, ${}^7\mathrm{B}$, ${}^7\mathrm{Be}$, and ${}^9\mathrm{C}$ have been calculated, where a good agreement with corresponding experimental data is obtained. The overlap integral of ${}^8\mathrm{B}$ and ${}^7\mathrm{Be}$ wave functions has been used to determine the root mean square radius of the single proton in a particular orbit and also the astrophysical $S$ factor $\left(S_{17}\right)$ for the ${}^7\mathrm{Be}\left(p,\gamma \right){}^8\mathrm{B}$ radiative capture reaction. It is found that the asymptotic region (distances beyond $4\text{fm}$) of the $p$-shell single-proton wave function contributes more than half to the calculated value $\left(4.76\text{fm}\right)$ of the corresponding single-particle root mean square radius. The value of $S_{17}$ is determined to be $22.0\text{eV}\mathrm{b}$ which is in good agreement with the recommended value for the near zero energy $S_{17}$ of ${19.1}_{-1.0}^{+4.0}\text{eV}\mathrm{b}$.

The population and decay of excited states in ${}^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ have been investigated using the ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}\left({}^{16}\mathrm{O},{}^{12}\mathrm{C}{}^{12}\mathrm{C}\right)\alpha$ reaction at beam energies of 135 and $160\text{MeV}$. This measurement permitted the decay spectrum to be measured up to ${}^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ excitation energies of $70\text{MeV}$. Resonance structures were observed up to an excitation energy of $49.4\text{MeV}$ and spin $J=18\hslash$. The results are discussed in terms of the termination of a deformed ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}+{}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ cluster band.

The energy dependence of forward pion double charge exchange reactions on light nuclei is studied for both the ground state transition and the double-isobaric-analog-state transitions. A common characteristic of these double reactions is a resonancelike peak around $50\text{MeV}$ pion laboratory energy. This peak arises naturally in a two-step process in the conventional pion-nucleon system with proper handling of nuclear structure and pion distortion. A comparison among the results of different nuclear structure models demonstrates the effects of configuration mixing. The angular distribution is used to fix the single-particle wave function.

In the light-front dynamics, the wave function equations and their numerical solutions, for two fermion bound systems, are presented. Analytical expressions for the ladder one-boson exchange interaction kernels corresponding to scalar, pseudoscalar, pseudovector, and vector exchanges are given. Different couplings are analyzed separately and each of them is found to exhibit special features. The results are compared with the nonrelativistic solutions.