New experimental results on the kinematics and the residue production are obtained for the interactions of ${}^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ projectiles with protons and ${}^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{Ti}$ target nuclei, respectively, at the incident energy of $1A\mathrm{GeV}$. The titanium-induced reaction serves as a reference case for multifragmentation. Already in the proton-induced reaction, the characteristics of the isotopic cross sections and the shapes of the velocity spectra of light residues indicate that high thermal energy is deposited in the system during the collision. In the ${}^{56}\mathrm{Fe}+p$ system the high excitation seems to favor the onset of fast break-up decays dominated by very asymmetric partitions of the disassembling system. This configuration leads to the simultaneous formation of one or more light fragments together with one heavy residue.

We compute the neutrino detection rates to be expected at a low-energy $\beta$-beam facility. We consider various nuclei as neutrino detectors and compare the case of a small versus large storage ring.

Nuclear shape transition and oblate-prolate coexistence in $N=Z$ nuclei are investigated within the configuration space ( $2p_{3∕2}$, $1f_{5∕2}$, $2p_{1∕2}$, and $1g_{9∕2}$). We perform shell-model calculations for ${}^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$, ${}^{64}\mathrm{Ge}$, and ${}^{68}\mathrm{Se}$, and constrained Hartree-Fock (CHF) calculations for ${}^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$, ${}^{64}\mathrm{Ge}$, ${}^{68}\mathrm{Se}$, and ${}^{72}\mathrm{Kr}$, employing an effective pairing plus quadrupole residual interaction with monopole interactions. The shell-model calculations reproduce well the experimental energy levels of these nuclei. From the analysis of potential-energy surface in the CHF calculations, we found shape transition from prolate to oblate deformation in these $N=Z$ nuclei and oblate-prolate coexistence at ${}^{68}\mathrm{Se}$. The ground state of ${}^{68}\mathrm{Se}$ has an oblate shape, while the shape of ${}^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$ and ${}^{64}\mathrm{Ge}$ are prolate. It is shown that the isovector matrix elements between $f_{5∕2}$ and $p_{1∕2}$ orbits cause the oblate deformation for ${}^{68}\mathrm{Se}$, and four-particle four-hole $\left(4p-4h\right)$ excitations are important for the oblate configuration.

Peripheral nucleon-nucleon scattering is analyzed in the framework of an effective field theory. Distorted-wave methods are used to remove the effects of one-pion exchange. Two-pion exchange and recoil corrections to one-pion exchange are then subtracted pertubatively. This removes all contributions up to order $Q^3$ in the chiral expansion. We have applied this to the ${}^{1}D_2$, ${}^{1}F_3$, and ${}^{1}G_4$ waves, using phase shifts from various partial-wave analyses by the Nijmegen group. In regions where these analyses agree we find no evidence for a breakdown of the chiral expansion. One of the terms in the effective short-range potential, the leading one in the ${}^{1}D_2$ channel, is larger than might be expected, but in general these terms have momentum scales of about $300–400\mathrm{MeV}$. We also see hints of isospin breaking in the $\pi N$ couplings.

We compute the vector analyzing power (VAP) for the elastic scattering of transversely polarized electrons from protons at low energies using an effective theory of electrons, protons, and photons. We study all contributions through second order in $E∕M$, where $E$ and $M$ are the electron energy and nucleon mass, respectively. The leading-order VAP arises from the imaginary part of the interference of one- and two-photon exchange amplitudes. Subleading contributions are generated by the nucleon magnetic moment and charge radius as well as recoil corrections to the leading-order amplitude. Working to $O{(E∕M)}^2$, we obtain a prediction for $A_n$ that is free of unknown parameters and that agrees with the recent measurement of the VAP in backward angle $ep$ scattering.

The self-energy of nucleons in asymmetric nuclear matter is evaluated employing different realistic models for the nucleon-nucleon interaction. Starting from the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation without the usual angle average in the two-nucleon propagator the effects of the hole-hole contributions are investigated within the self-consistent Green’s function approach. Special attention is paid to the isospin dependence of correlations, which can be deduced from the spectral functions of nucleons in asymmetric matter. The strong components of the proton-neutron interaction lead in neutron-rich matter to a larger depletion for the occupation probability of proton states below the Fermi momentum.

Relativistic mean-field theory with $\delta$ mesons, nonlinear isoscalar self-interactions, and isoscalar-isovector cross interaction terms with parametrizations obtained to reproduce Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations for nuclear matter is used to study asymmetric nuclear matter properties in $\beta$ equilibrium, including hyperon degrees of freedom and (hidden) strange mesons. The influence of cross interactions on the composition of hyperon matter and the electron chemical potential is examined. Softening of the nuclear equation of state by cross interactions results in a lowering of the hyperonization, although simultaneously enhancing a hyperon-induced decrease of the electron chemical potential, thus indicating a further shift of the kaon condensate occurrence to higher densities.

In a recent paper (hep-ph∕0406125) Kharzeev argues for the possibility of $P$- and∕or $CP$-violation effects in heavy-ion collisions, the effects that can manifest themselves via asymmetry in ${\pi }^{\pm }$ production with respect to the direction of the system angular momentum. Here we present an experimental observable that can be used to detect and measure the effects.

We calculate the density-dependent spin-asymmetry energy $S\left(k_f\right)$ of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter in the three-loop approximation of chiral perturbation theory. The interaction contributions to $S\left(k_f\right)$ originate from one-pion exchange, iterated one-pion exchange, and (irreducible) two-pion exchange with no, single, and double virtual $\Delta$-isobar excitation. We find that the truncation to $1\pi$-exchange and iterated $1\pi$-exchange terms (which leads already to a good nuclear matter equation of state) is spin unstable, since $S\left(k_{f0}\right)<0$. The inclusion of the chiral $\pi N\Delta$ dynamics guarantees the spin stability of nuclear matter. The corresponding spin-asymmetry energy $S\left(k_f\right)$ stays positive within a wide range of an undetermined short-range parameter $S_5$ (which we also estimate from realistic $NN$ potentials). Our results reemphasize the important role played by two-pion exchange with virtual $\Delta$-isobar excitation for the nuclear matter many-body problem. Its explicit inclusion is essential in order to obtain good bulk and single-particle properties.

High-spin level structure in ${}^{184}\mathrm{Au}$ has been reinvestigated using the multidetector array of GASP via the ${}^{159}\mathrm{Tb}\left({}^{29}\mathrm{Si},4\mathrm{n}\gamma \right){}^{184}\mathrm{Au}$ reaction at a beam energy of $140\mathrm{MeV}$. The ground-state band and the excited $\pi i_{13∕2}\otimes \nu i_{13∕2}$ 2-qp band have been extended up to lower and higher spin states. An upbend has been observed in the excited band at $\hslash \omega \sim 0.25\mathrm{MeV}$ and is interpreted as resulting from a pair of $\pi h_{9∕2}$ alignment. This low-frequency ${\left(\pi h_{9∕2}\right)}^2$ alignment is supported by the measured $B\left(M1\right)∕B\left(E2\right)$ ratios and alignment properties in neighboring odd-$A$ nuclei. The linking transitions between the two bands and to the ground state have been established leading to a firm spin-and-parity assignment for the $\pi i_{13∕2}\otimes \nu i_{13∕2}$ band in ${}^{184}\mathrm{Au}$. This result provides strong evidence for the low-spin signature inversion in the $\pi i_{13∕2}\otimes \nu i_{13∕2}$ bands of odd-odd nuclei in the $A\sim 180$ mass region.

Double vector meson photoproduction, $p(\gamma ,G\to VV)p$, mediated by a scalar glueball $G$ is investigated. Using vector meson dominance (VMD) and Regge∕pomeron phenomenology, a glueball enhancement is predicted in the invariant $VV=\rho \rho$ and $\omega \omega$ mass spectra. The resonant cross-section profile is sensitive to the total glueball width, ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_G$, but is discernable for ${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_G=125\mathrm{MeV}$ or less. The scalar glueball is assumed to be the lightest physical state on the daughter pomeron trajectory governing diffractive vector meson photoproduction. In addition to cross sections, calculations for hadronic and electromagnetic glueball decays, $G\to V{V}^{\prime }(V,V^{\prime }=\rho ,\omega ,\varphi ,\gamma )$, and ${\gamma }_{v}V\to G$ transition form factors are presented based upon flavor universality, VMD, and phenomenological couplings from $\varphi$ photoproduction analyses. Due to limited phase space, the predicted glueball $VV$ decay widths are sensitive to the uncertain glueball mass, however the extracted glueball $VV$ coupling constant is similar to an independent theoretical study. Possible signatures for glueball detection are also discussed.

Breakup reactions of the one-neutron halo nucleus ${}^{11}\mathrm{Be}$ on lead and carbon targets at about $70\mathrm{MeV}∕\text{nucleon}$ have been investigated at RIKEN by measuring the momentum vectors of the incident ${}^{11}\mathrm{Be}$, outgoing ${}^{10}\mathrm{Be}$, and neutron in coincidence. The relative energy spectra as well as the angular distributions of the ${}^{10}\mathrm{Be}+n$ center of mass system (inelastic angular distributions) have been extracted both for Pb and C targets. For the breakup of ${}^{11}\mathrm{Be}$ on Pb, the selection of forward-scattering angles, corresponding to large impact parameters, is found to be effective to extract almost purely the first-order $E1$ Coulomb breakup component and to exclude the nuclear contribution and higher-order Coulomb breakup components. This angle-selected energy spectrum is thus used to deduce the spectroscopic factor for the ${}^{10}\mathrm{Be}\left(0^{+}\right)\otimes \nu 2s_{1∕2}$ configuration in ${}^{11}\mathrm{Be}$ which is found to be $0.72\pm \mathrm{0.04}$ with a $B\left(E1\right)$ strength up to $E_{\mathrm{x}}=4\mathrm{MeV}$ of $1.05\pm 0.06e^2{\mathrm{fm}}^2$. The energy weighted $E1$ strength up to $E_{\mathrm{x}}=4\mathrm{MeV}$ explains $70\%\pm 10\%$ of the cluster sum rule, consistent with the obtained spectroscopic factor. The non-energy-weighted sum rule within the same energy range is used to extract the root-mean-square distance of the halo neutron to be $5.77\left(16\right)\mathrm{fm}$, consistent with previously known values. In the breakup with the carbon target, we have observed the excitations to the known unbound states in ${}^{11}\mathrm{Be}$ at $E_{\mathrm{x}}=1.78\mathrm{MeV}$ and $E_{\mathrm{x}}=3.41\mathrm{MeV}$. Angular distributions for these states show the diffraction pattern characteristic of $L=2$ transitions, resulting in a $J^{\pi }={(3∕2,5∕2)}^{+}$ assignment for these states. We finally find that even for the C target the $E1$ Coulomb direct breakup mechanism becomes dominant at very forward angles.

We present a useful procedure for calculating the Coulomb potential between deformed nuclei. The corresponding results are compared with those obtained from the numerical resolution of the six-dimensional integral involved in double-folding calculations.

We demonstrate the different effects of different baryon impurities on the static properties of nuclei within the framework of the relativistic mean-field model. Systematic calculations show that ${\Lambda }_c^{+}$ and ${\Lambda }_b$ have the same attracting role as the $\Lambda$ hyperon does in lighter hypernuclei. ${\Xi }^{-}$ and ${\Xi }_c^0$ hyperons have the attracting role only for the proton distribution and have a repulsive role for the neutron distribution. On the contrary, ${\Xi }^0$ and ${\Xi }_c^{+}$ hyperons attract surrounding neutrons and reveal a repulsive force to the protons. We find that the different effects of different baryon impurities on the nuclear core are due to the different third components of their isospin.

We demonstrate whether the cluster structure dissolves or remains when the shell-model-like model space is introduced in addition to the cluster model space in light nuclei. Although the binding energies of ${}^8\mathrm{Be}$, ${}^{10}\mathrm{Be}$, and ${}^{10}\mathrm{B}$ become larger by about 1–2 MeV by adding shell-model-like basis states to the $\alpha +\alpha +N+N+\cdots$ basis states, the $\alpha ‐\alpha$ structure is a dominant configuration of the ground states. However, $\alpha$-breaking wave functions strongly mix in ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$, and the decrease of the energy from the $3\alpha$ configuration by about 6 MeV is a clue to resolving a long-standing problem of the binding energies of ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$. The improved version of antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD), AMD superposition of selected snapshots (AMD triple-S), is used to show the cluster-shell competition of these nuclei.

Elastic scattering of the weakly bound ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$ on ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ was measured at near barrier energies. The optical model data analysis with the real and imaginary parts of a global double-folding potential does not show strong evidence of the usual threshold anomaly. The same result was obtained by using a Woods-Saxon shape optical potential and calculating the potential strengths at the strong absorption radius. The reason for this behavior may be explained by the presence of break-up and∕or transfer channels at low energies.

The multifractal analysis of nuclear fragmentation data obtained from muon-nucleus interactions at $420\pm 45\mathrm{GeV}$ is performed using $G$-moment and Takagi-moment methods. The generalized fractal dimensions $D_q$ are determined from these methods and also are compared with those obtained from intermittency exponents. The analysis reveals the multifractal behavior of target fragments in lepton-nucleus interactions.

Polarized proton beams with energies from 80 to $130\mathrm{keV}$ have been used to determine the slope of the astrophysical $S$ factor for the ${}^6\mathrm{Li}\left(p,{\gamma }_0\right){}^7\mathrm{Be}$ and ${}^6\mathrm{Li}\left(p,{\gamma }_1\right){}^7\mathrm{Be}$ reactions. The slope was determined from the relative yields at five incident proton energies. The slope of the $S$ factor was found to be negative. The analyzing power measurements indicate that the reaction proceeds predominately by $s$-wave capture. The negative slope does not appear to be due to low-binding-energy effects, the effects of nearby resonances, or electron screening of the nuclei. A resonating group model calculation demonstrates a new mechanism for producing a negative slope at astrophysically relevant energies in radiative capture reactions.

The total cross section for neutron scattering from ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ with energies between 5 and 600 MeV has been analyzed, extending a previously defined simple function of three parameters to reveal a Ramsauer-like effect throughout the whole energy range. This effect can be parametrized in a simple way so that it may be anticipated that the complete function prescription will apply for total cross sections from other nuclei.

Fission fragment mass and kinetic energy distributions have been measured in ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}+{}^{\mathit{nat}}\mathrm{Pb}$, ${}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$, ${}^{235}\mathrm{U}$, and ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}+{}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ reactions at above barrier energies. The variance of the fragment mass distribution $\left({\sigma }_A^2\right)$ has been studied as a function of the temperature and fissility of the compound nucleus by analyzing the present results along with the available data from literature. It is observed that ${\sigma }_A^2$ increases exponentially with temperature as well as fissility of the compound nucleus. However, when data are analyzed with respect to the fragment temperature $\left(T_F\right)$, instead of the temperature of compound nucleus, the dependence of ${\sigma }_A^2$ on fissility is greatly reduced for a given value of $T_F$. The mass variance shows a universal dependence on $T_F$ irrespective of the fissility of the compound nucleus. This result implies that the mass variance is decided during the later stage of fission process and is related to the scission configuration of the fissioning nucleus.