We investigate the Gamow-Teller (GT) response functions at a momentum transfer of $q=0{\mathrm{fm}}^{-1}$ and the pionic response functions for quasielastic scattering (QES) at $q\approx 1.7{\mathrm{fm}}^{-1}$ using the continuum random phase approximation with the $\pi +\rho +g^{\text{'}}$ model interaction. The Landau-Migdal (LM) parameters, $g_{\mathit{NN}}^{\text{'}}$ and $g_{N\Delta }^{\text{'}}$, are estimated by comparing the calculations with recent experimental data. The peak of the GT resonance and the pionic response functions below the QES peak constrain $g_{\mathit{NN}}^{\text{'}}$, whereas the quenching of the GT total strength and the enhanced pionic strength around the QES peak provide information about $g_{N\Delta }^{\text{'}}$. We obtained $g_{\mathit{NN}}^{\text{'}}=0.6\pm 0.1$ and $g_{N\Delta }^{\text{'}}=0.35\pm 0.16$ at $q=0{\mathrm{fm}}^{-1}$ and $g_{\mathit{NN}}^{\text{'}}=0.7\pm 0.1$ and $g_{N\Delta }^{\text{'}}=0.3\pm 0.1$ at $q\approx 1.7{\mathrm{fm}}^{-1}$. These results indicate that the q dependence of the LM parameters is weak.

A recent set of nuclear level density parameters obtained for the constant temperature (CT) and back-shifted Fermi gas (BSFG) model is reviewed. Very simple correlations are observed between the parameters T of CT, and a of BSFG, and between $E_0$ of CT and $E_1$ of BSFG. The average behavior of the level density parameter a with mass number is found to be $a~A^{0.90}$.

By use of the resonating group method, the $\Delta K,\Lambda K$, and $\Sigma K$ states are further dynamically studied in the extended chiral SU(3) quark model based on our previous work. Similar to the results given by the original chiral SU(3) quark model, the calculated results here still show that the interactions of $\Delta K$ with isospin $I=1$ and $\Sigma K$ with isospin $I=1/2$ are attractive, which can consequently lead to $\Delta K$ and $\Sigma K$ quasibound states. When the channel coupling of $\Lambda K$ and $\Sigma K$ is considered, the calculated phase shifts show a sharp resonance between the thresholds of these two channels with spin parity $J^P=1/2^{-}$.

We use a version of the meson cloud model, including the kaon and the $K^{*}$ contributions, to estimate the electric and magnetic strange form factors of the nucleon. We compare our results with the recent measurements of the strange quark contribution to parity-violating asymmetries in the forward G0 electron-proton scattering experiment. We conclude that it is very important to determine experimentally the electric and magnetic strange form factors, and not only the combination $G_E^s+\eta G_M^s$, if one does really intend to understand the strangeness of the nucleon.

High-spin isomers with $J^{\pi }=49/2^{+}$ and ${27}^{+}$ have been systematically observed in a number of $N=83$ isotones with $60\le Z\le 67$ at excitation energies ~9 MeV. Based on experimental excitation energies, an odd-even binding energy staggering has been extracted for the first time for these multi-quasiparticle states. Surprisingly, the magnitude of the odd-even effect in high-spin isomers turned out to be very close to that in ground states, thus challenging conventional wisdom that pairing correlations are reduced in highly excited states. Theoretical analysis based on mean-field theory explains the observed proton number dependence of the odd-even effect as a manifestation of strong pairing correlations in the highly excited states. Mean-field effects and the proton-neutron residual interaction on the odd-even staggering are also examined.

Excited states of ${}^{97}\mathrm{Ag}$, which has three protons less than doubly magic ${}^{100}\mathrm{Sn}$, were identified up to 7 MeV excitation energy and $J=(33/2)$. The reaction ${}^{46}\mathrm{Ti}+{}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ was employed together with the Gammasphere Ge detector array coupled with Microball and Neutron Shell auxiliary detectors. The measured states are compared with a large-scale shell-model calculation.

The unstable neutron-deficient ${}^{108}\mathrm{Sn}$ isotope has been studied in inverse kinematics by intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation using the RISING/FRS experimental setup at GSI. This is the highest Z nucleus studied so far with this method. Its reduced transition probability B (E2;0${}_{g.s.}^{+}\to 2_1^{+})$ has been measured for the first time. The extracted B($E2$) value of $0.230(57)e^2{b}^2$ has been determined relative to the known value in the stable ${}^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ isotope. The result is discussed in the framework of recent large-scale shell model calculations performed with realistic effective interactions. The roles of particle-hole excitations of the ${}^{100}\mathrm{Sn}$ core and of the $Z=50$ shell gap for the E2 polarization are investigated.

Formal expressions are developed for the general fivefold differential cross section of incoherent π-photoproduction on the deuteron, including beam and target polarization. The polarization observables of the cross section are described by various beam, target, and beam-target asymmetries for polarized photons and/or polarized deuterons. They are given as bilinear Hermitean forms in the reaction matrix elements divided by the unpolarized cross section. In addition, the corresponding observables for the semiexclusive reaction $\overrightarrow{d}(\overrightarrow{\gamma },\pi )\mathit{NN}$ are also given.

Incoherent pion photoproduction on the deuteron is studied for photon energies from threshold up to 1 GeV, with special emphasis on polarization observables. The elementary $\gamma N\to \pi N$ amplitude is taken from the MAID model. We investigate the influence of final state interactions on total and semi-exclusive cross sections $\overrightarrow{d}(\overrightarrow{\gamma },\pi )\mathit{NN}$ by including complete rescattering in the final NN and $\pi N$ subsystems. For charged-pion production the influence of NN rescattering is moderate whereas $\pi N$ rescattering is almost negligible. Much stronger influences of NN rescattering are seen in neutral-pion production, which are due to the elimination of a significant spurious coherent contribution in the impulse approximation. Sizable effects are also found in some of the beam, target, and beam-target asymmetries of the differential cross section.

Candidates for the two-phonon quadrupole-octupole $1^{-}$ state and the two-phonon mixed-symmetry $1_{\mathrm{ms}}^{+}$ state have been identified in the $N=52$ isotope ${}^{96}\mathrm{Ru}$ using the nuclear resonance fluorescence technique at the bremsstrahlung facility of the Stuttgart Dynamitron accelerator. Detailed information on energies, spins, branching ratios, and transition strengths of four new dipole excitations in ${}^{96}\mathrm{Ru}$ have been obtained. The observed dipole excitations are nearly at the same energies as in ${}^{94}\mathrm{Mo}$, and the transition probabilities are comparable to those for the decay of the $(2_1^{+}\otimes 3_1^{-})1^{-}$ and the $(2_1^{+}\otimes 2_{\mathrm{ms}}^{+})1_{\mathrm{ms}}^{+}$ states in ${}^{94}\mathrm{Mo}$.

It has been suggested recently [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 232501 (2003)] that the widths of narrow proton resonances are related to neutron asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANCs) of their bound mirror analogs because of charge symmetry of nucleon-nucleon interactions. This relation is approximated by a simple analytical formula that involves proton resonance energies, neutron separation energies, charges of residual nuclei and the range of their strong interaction with the last nucleon. In the present article, we perform microscopic-cluster model calculations for the ratio of proton widths to neutron ANCs squared in mirror states for several light nuclei. We compare them to predictions of the analytical formula and to estimates made within a single-particle potential model. A knowledge of this ratio can be used to predict unknown proton widths for very narrow low-lying resonances in the neutron-deficient region of the sd and pf shells, which is important for understanding the nucleosynthesis in the rp process.

High-spin states in ${}^{171}\mathrm{Ta}$ were populated in the ${}^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$(${}^{51}\mathrm{V}$,$4n$) reaction at 228 MeV to search for evidence of stable triaxial deformation. Identification of a wobbling sequence based on the previously known $\pi i_{13/2}$ structure would provide a unique signature for this rarely observed shape. No such sequence was identified in these data, which suggests that the island of triaxial strongly deformed bands may be smaller than once thought. However, over 200 new transitions and two new bands were placed in the level scheme and the sequence based on the $\pi i_{13/2}$ orbital could be observed up to spin and parity $I^{\pi }=(101/2{}^{+}$). The relative excitations of all the sequences were determined and the ground state of ${}^{171}\mathrm{Ta}$ was found to have $5/2^{+}$ quantum numbers, contrary to previous reports. All of the previously known structures were extended to much higher spin and their high-frequency band crossings are interpreted within the framework of the cranked shell model.

We introduce a simple model to calculate the nuclear moment of inertia at finite temperature. This moment of inertia describes the spin distribution of nuclear levels in the framework of the spin-cutoff model. Our model is based on a deformed single-particle Hamiltonian with pairing interaction and takes into account fluctuations in the pairing gap. We derive a formula for the moment of inertia at finite temperature that generalizes the Belyaev formula for zero temperature. We show that a number-parity projection explains the strong odd-even effects observed in shell model Monte Carlo studies of the nuclear moment of inertia in the iron region.

Production of nuclei heavier than the target is treated for projectile-target combinations used in cold fusion reactions leading to superheavy nuclei. These products are related to transfer-type or to asymmetry-exit-channel quasifission reactions. The production of isotopes in the transfer-type reactions emitting of α particles with large energies is discussed.

Partial energy fluctuations are known tools to reconstruct microcanonical heat capacities. For experimental applications, approximations have been developed to infer fluctuations at freeze-out from the observed fragment partitions. The accuracy of this procedure as well as the underlying independent fragment approximation is under debate already at the level of equilibrated systems. Using a well controlled computer experiment, the lattice gas model, we critically discuss the thermodynamic conditions under which fragment partitions can be used to reconstruct the thermodynamics of an equilibrated system.

Cross sections for the ${\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ events arising from the decay of the ${\rho }^0$ meson have been calculated. This ρ meson is considered to be produced coherently in the $(p,p^{\text{'}})$ reaction in a nucleus. The distorted-wave functions for the continuum particles and the ρ meson propagator are described by the eikonal form. The sensitivity of the cross section to the pion emission angle as well as to the beam energy has been investigated. The cross sections for the ${\rho }^0$ meson decaying inside and outside the nucleus are compared. In addition, the coherent and incoherent contributions to the cross section due to ${\rho }^0$ inside and outside decay amplitudes are presented. The initial- and final-state interactions for this reaction have been studied. The nuclear medium effect on ${\rho }^0$-meson propagation through the nucleus is also explored.

Collective flows in heavy-ion collisions from AGS [$(2–11)A$ GeV] to SPS [$(40,158)A$ GeV] energies are investigated in a nonequilibrium transport model with the nuclear mean field (MF). Sideward $\langle p_x\rangle$, directed $v_1$, and elliptic flows $v_2$ are systematically studied with different assumptions for the nuclear equation of state (EOS). We find that the momentum dependence on the nuclear MF is important for the understanding of the proton collective flows at AGS and SPS energies. Calculated results with momentum-dependent MF qualitatively reproduce the experimental data of proton sideward, directed, and elliptic flows in a incident energy range of $(2–158)A$ GeV.

The freeze-out of a massive nucleon gas through a finite layer with a timelike normal is studied. The impact of the in-medium nucleon mass shift on the freeze-out process is investigated. A considerable modification of the thermodynamic variables of temperature, flow velocity, energy density, and particle density has been found. Because of the nucleon mass shift the freeze-out particle distribution functions are changed noticeably in comparison with the evaluations, which use the vacuum nucleon mass.

The structure of the moleculelike state of $\mathit{NK}\pi$ with spin-parity $J^{\pi }={\frac{3}{2}}^{-}$ and isospin $I=1$ is studied within the chiral SU(3) quark model. First we calculate the $\mathit{NK},N\pi$, and $K\pi$ phase shifts in the framework of the resonating group method, and a qualitative agreement with the experimental data is obtained. Then we perform a rough estimation for the energy of $(\mathit{NK}\pi ){}_{J^{\pi }={\frac{3}{2}}^{-},I=1}$, and the effect of the mixing to the configuration $(\Delta K){}_{J^{\pi }={\frac{3}{2}}^{-},I=1}$ is also considered. The calculated energy is very close to the threshold of the $\mathit{NK}\pi$ system. A detailed investigation is worth doing in the further study.

We suggest that a previously conjectured relation between structure functions (SF) for nuclei and nucleons also links distribution functions (df) for partons in a nucleus and in nucleons. The above proposal ensures in principle identical results for SF $F_2^A$, whether computed with effective hadronic or partonic degrees of freedom. In practice there are differences, because of different input for $F_2^n$. We show that the thus-defined nuclear parton distribution functions (pdf) respect standard sum rules. We observe close agreement between moments of nuclear SF, computed in the hadronic and partonic descriptions. Despite substantial differences in the participating SF, we nevertheless find approximately the same EMC ratios in the two representations, as well as reasonable agreement with data. The apparent correlation between the above deviations is ascribed to a sum rule for $F_2^A$. We conclude with a discussion of alternative approaches to nuclear pdf.