Excited states have been observed for the first time in the very neutron-deficient ${}_{55}^{114}{\mathrm{Cs}}_{59}$ nucleus. The assignment to ${}^{114}\mathrm{Cs}$ was made by detecting $\gamma$ rays in coincidence with evaporated charged particles and with recoiling evaporation residues. A rotational band has been observed up to spin $21\hslash$ (tentatively $25\hslash$). Excitation-energy systematics and a study of quasiparticle alignments suggest that the band is based on the $\nu (h_{11/2})\otimes \pi (h_{11/2})$ configuration. Unlike bands based on this configuration in heavier cesium isotopes, only one signature partner is observed, and there is no evidence for signature inversion. These observations agree with theoretical calculations which predict that Coriolis-induced signature splitting should dominate at $N=59$.

We measured the cross sections and tensor analyzing powers of the ${}^1\mathrm{H}$($\overrightarrow{d}$,$\mathit{pp}$)$n$ breakup reaction at $E_d=19$ MeV in four symmetric constant relative energy (SCRE) configurations. The data are compared with theoretical predictions from four different approaches: the first based on high-precision (semi)phenomenological potentials alone or, the second, combined with model three-nucleon forces, and the third based on chiral forces up to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in the chiral expansion. In these cases the Coulomb interaction is not included. In addition, a fourth approach consists in a comparison with predictions based on CD Bonn including the Δ excitation and the Coulomb force. In all cases the measured cross sections are significantly below the theoretical values, whereas the magnitudes of the tensor analyzing powers agree within the error bars in three of the four cases. The apparent discrepancies in the breakup cross sections are similar to the known differences for the space-star breakup. This adds to the data base of unsolved low-energy discrepancies (puzzles).

The level densities and radiative strength functions (RSFs) of ${}^{50,51}\mathrm{V}$ have been extracted using the (${}^3\mathrm{He}$,$\alpha \gamma$) and (${}^3\mathrm{He}$,${}^3\mathrm{He}$${}^{\prime }\gamma$) reactions, respectively. From the level densities, microcanonical entropies are deduced. The high γ-energy part of the measured RSF fits well with the tail of the giant electric dipole resonance. A significant enhancement over the predicted strength in the region of $E_{\gamma }\lesssim 3$ MeV is seen, which at present has no theoretical explanation.

The global variables such as the transverse energy at midrapidity, the charged particle multiplicity at midrapidity, and the total multiplicity of charged particles are evaluated in the single-freeze-out statistical model for different centrality bins at RHIC at $\sqrt{s_{\mathit{NN}}}=130$ and 200 GeV. Full description of decays of hadron resonances is applied in these estimations. The geometric parameters of the model are obtained from the fit to the final data on the $p_T$ spectra. The predicted values of the global variables agree qualitatively well with the experimental data. The centrality independence of the total number of charged particles per participant pair has been also reproduced.

The α decay of the neutron-deficient nuclide ${}^{105}\mathrm{Te}$ was observed. The ${}^{50}\mathrm{Cr}$(${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$,$3n$) reaction was used to produce ${}^{105}\mathrm{Te}$ nuclei. The ${}^{105}\mathrm{Te}$ residues were selected with the Argonne Fragment Mass Analyzer and implanted into a double-sided Si strip detector where their subsequent α decay was detected. An α-decay $Q$ value of $Q_{\alpha }=4900(50)$ keV and a half life of $T_{1/2}=0.70(-0.17+0.25)\mu$s were measured for ${}^{105}\mathrm{Te}$ and a reduced α-decay width of $W_{\alpha }=3.3(-1.7+2.1)$ was deduced. The decay properties of ${}^{105}\mathrm{Te}$ are compared with those of heavier Te isotopes and theoretical predictions.

The radial sensitivity of elastic scattering for weakly bound (${}^6\mathrm{Li}$, ${}^7\mathrm{Li}$, ${}^9\mathrm{Be}$) and tightly bound projectiles (${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$, ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$) on light and heavy targets (${}^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, ${}^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}^{118}\mathrm{Sn}$, ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, ${}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$) is sought at barrier energies, taking into account a Woods -Saxon potential and a BDM3Y1 interaction. The results are discussed in terms of the potential anomaly at the coulomb barrier.

Gluon bremsstrahlung induced by multiple parton scattering in a finite dense medium has a unique angular distribution with respect to the initial parton direction. A dead-cone structure with an opening angle ${\theta }_0^2\approx 2(1-z)/(\mathit{zLE})$ for gluons with fractional energy $z$ arises from the Landau-Pomeranchuck-Migdal (LPM) interference. In a medium where the gluon dielectric constant is $\epsilon >1$, the LPM interference pattern is shown to become Cherenkov-like with an increased opening angle determined by the dielectric constant $\cos {}^2{\theta }_c=z+(1-z)/\epsilon$. For a large dielectric constant $\epsilon \gg 1+2/z^2\mathit{LE}$, the corresponding total radiative parton energy loss is about twice that from normal gluon bremsstrahlung. Implications of this Cherenkov-like gluon bremsstrahlung to the jet correlation pattern in high-energy heavy-ion collisions is discussed.

High-spin states in ${}^{161}\mathrm{Lu}$ were populated in the ${}^{139}\mathrm{La}$(${}^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, $6n$) reaction and γ-ray coincidences were measured with the EUROBALL spectrometer. On the basis of these data, the previously known level scheme is extended with new band structures and is partly revised. Configuration assignments are made to all bands based on comparison of experimental properties with cranked shell model calculations. A strongly populated band with parity and signature $(\pi ,\alpha )=(+,-1/2)$ is found to be yrast above spin $I\simeq 33$. This band shows characteristics resembling those of two triaxial superdeformed bands in this nucleus based on the occupation of the shape-driving $i_{13/2}$ proton orbital. This structure, unique to ${}^{161}\mathrm{Lu}$ within the chain of even-$N$ Lu isotopes, is discussed in terms of a quasiparticle configuration in a local triaxial minimum with a larger triaxiality and a smaller quadrupole deformation than calculated for the $i_{13/2}$ proton excitation.

Systematic nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) experiments on all nine stable (seven even-even and two odd-mass) Xe isotopes have been performed at the bremsstrahlung facility of the 4.3-MV Stuttgart Dynamitron accelerator. For the first time thin-walled, high-pressure gas targets (about 70 bar) with highly enriched target material were used in NRF experiments. Precise excitation energies, transition strengths, spins, and decay branching ratios were obtained for numerous states, most of them previously unknown. The systematics of the observed $E1$ two-phonon excitations ($2^{+}\otimes 3^{-}$) and $M1$ excitations to $1^{+}$ mixed-symmetry states in the even-even isotopes are discussed with respect to the new critical point symmetry E(5). The fragmentation of these fundamental dipole excitation modes in the odd-mass isotopes ${}^{129,131}\mathrm{Xe}$ is shown and discussed. In the even-even nuclei several low-lying $E2$ excitations were observed.

New transitions and levels in ${}^{148}\mathrm{Ce}$ have been observed in a $\gamma \text{−}\gamma \text{−}\gamma$ coincidence study from the spontaneous fission of ${}^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ with Gammasphere detector array. The ground band has been extended up to $I^{\pi }={22}^{+}$, and side bands are extended with $\Delta I=2$ stretched transitions and $\Delta I=1$ crossing transitions. The observed level scheme is interpreted in terms of possible octupole correlations. Two sets of interwined positive- and negative- parity bands with the simplex quantum numbers $s=\pm 1$ are suggested. The results of $B(E1)/B(E2)$ branching ratios indicate that the octupole correlations in ${}^{148}\mathrm{Ce}$ are strong.

We have measured the neutron capture reaction yield of ${}^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ at the neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF at CERN in the energy range from 1 eV to 1 MeV. The average capture cross section has been extracted in the energy range from 4 keV up to 1 MeV with an overall accuracy better than 4%. An independent IAEA evaluation shows good agreement with the data. The average cross section has been expressed in terms of average resonance parameters using the partial waves $\ell =0,1,$ and 2.

We calculate the dependence of the nuclear magnetic moments on the quark masses, including the spin-spin interaction effects, and obtain limits on the variation of the fine structure constant α and $(m_q/{\Lambda }_{\mathrm{QCD}})$ using recent atomic clock experiments examining hyperfine transitions in H, Rb, Cs, ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ and the optical transition in H, ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$.

Antikaon condensation and deconfinement phase transition in neutron stars are investigated in a chiral hadronic model (also referred as to the FST model) for the hadronic phase and in the MIT bag model for the deconfined quark matter phase. It is shown that the existence of quark matter phase makes antikaon condensation impossible in neutron stars. The properties of neutron stars are sensitive to the bag constant. For the small values of the bag constant, the pure quark matter core appears and hyperons are strongly suppressed in neutron stars, whereas for the large bag constant, the hadron-quark mixed phase exists in the center of neutron stars. The maximum masses of neutron stars with the quark matter phase are lower than those without the quark matter phase; meanwhile, the maximum masses of neutron stars with the quark matter phase increase with the bag constant.

The rapidity dependence of the single and double neutron-to-proton ratios of nucleon emission from isospin-asymmetric but mass-symmetric reactions Zr+Ru and Ru+Zr at the energy range $100A\sim 800A$ MeV and impact parameter range $0\sim 8$ fm is investigated. The reaction system with isospin asymmetry and mass symmetry has the advantage of simultaneously showing the dependence on symmetry energy and the degree of the isospin equilibrium. We find that the beam-energy and impact-parameter dependences of the slope parameter of the double neutron-to-proton ratio ($F_D$) as a function of rapidity are quite sensitive to the density dependence of symmetry energy, especially at energies $E_b\sim 400A$ MeV and reduced impact parameters around 0.5. Here, the symmetry energy effect on $F_D$ is enhanced, as compared to the single neutron-to-proton ratio. The degree of equilibrium with respect to isospin (isospin mixing) in terms of $F_D$ is addressed, and its dependence on symmetry energy is also discussed.

We accurately analyze the ${}^6\mathrm{He}+{}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ scattering at 19 and 22.5 MeV near the Coulomb barrier energy, using the continuum-discretized coupled-channels (CDCC) method based on the $n+n+$ ${}^4\mathrm{He}+{}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ four-body model. The three-body breakup continuum of ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ is discretized by diagonalizing the internal Hamiltonian of ${}^6\mathrm{He}$ in a space spanned by the Gaussian basis functions. The calculated elastic and total reaction cross sections are in good agreement with the experimental data, whereas the CDCC calculation based on the dineutron model of ${}^6\mathrm{He}$, that is, the ${}^{2}n+$ ${}^4\mathrm{He}+{}^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ three-body model, does not reproduce the data.

In the Skyrme model with massless pions, the minimal energy multi-Skyrmions are shell-like, with the baryon density localized on the edges of a polyhedron that is approximately spherical and generically of the fullerene-type. In this paper we show that in the Skyrme model with massive pions these configurations are unstable for sufficiently large baryon number. Using numerical simulations of the full nonlinear field theory, we show that these structures collapse to form qualitatively different stable Skyrmion solutions. These new Skyrmions have a flat structure and display a clustering phenomenon into lower charge components, particularly components of baryon numbers three and four. These new qualitative features of Skyrmions with massive pions are encouraging in comparison with the expectations based on real nuclei.

The ratio of excitation energies $E_x$ and neutron separation energy $S_n$ for neutron resonances of ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}+n$ are observed to be ratios of simple integers. Similar analyses are made for the resonances of light target nuclei, ${}^3\mathrm{He}$, ${}^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}$, ${}^{8,9}\mathrm{Be}$, ${}^{10,11}\mathrm{B}$, ${}^{12,13}\mathrm{C}$, ${}^{14,15}\mathrm{N}$, ${}^{16,18}\mathrm{O}$ showing that $E_x/S_n=4/3$ or 5/3 are values that appear in many nuclei. A statistical test shows that these integer ratios do not exist by accident but that they have a physical origin. A classical model of neutron resonance reaction is developed relating these integer ratios, based on the breathing of the compound nucleus that is coherent with the incident neutron wave. Origin of integer ratios among $E_x$, $S_n$ of different nuclei are discussed based on a constant $G$ value and integer splitting for many nuclei.

Particle number fluctuations are studied in relativistic Bose and Fermi gases. The calculations are done within both the grand canonical and canonical ensemble. The fluctuations in the canonical ensemble are found to be different from those in the grand canonical one. Effects of quantum statistics strongly increase in the grand canonical ensemble for large chemical potential. This is, however, not the case in the canonical ensemble, and in the limit of large charge density a strongest difference between the grand canonical and canonical ensemble results is observed.

We calculate the decoherence time of the ground state wave function of a nucleus in a high energy heavy ion collision. We define this time as the decay time of the ratio $\mathrm{Tr}{D}^2/(\mathrm{Tr}D){}^2$ of traces of the density matrix $D$. We find that this time is smaller or equal to $1/Q_s$, where the saturation scale $Q_s$ is defined within the color glass condensate model of parton saturation. Our result supports the notion that the extremely rapid entropy production deduced for the early stage of heavy ion collisions at collider energies is to a large extent caused by the decoherence of the initial-state wave functions.

For the first time to our knowledge the target screening effect on the pre-emission of halo neutrons from ${}^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ has been quantitatively analyzed. Our work has been performed in the 7.5–15 MeV neutron energy range. In this range the target nuclei are likely to behave as opaque, and therefore the sharp-cutoff calculations are most appropriate for the target screening determination. It has been observed that the ζ probability used in the sharp-cutoff calculations is an observable of the experiment, because it can be directly obtained from measured quantities, which are the number of single detected neutrons and the number of detected neutron pairs. The value of ${\zeta }_{\exp }$ obtained this way in the case of a Si target appears to be close to the ζ value calculated for the ${}^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ halo radius $R_H=4.8$ fm, independently determined in another experiment [Phys. Lett. B287, 307 (1992)]. This property also allows investigation of Borromean halo nuclei such as ${}^6\mathrm{He}$, ${}^{14}\mathrm{Be}$, and ${}^{17}\mathrm{B}$, for which $R_H$ was not yet measured. The calculated value within the present approach of the two-neutron pre-emission yield appears to be 3.5 times larger in the case of ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ than in the case of a Si target.