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Anisotropic flows of light-flavor and charmed hadrons in Pb+Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Yan-ting Feng ¹, Rui-qin Wang ¹, Feng-lan Shao ^1,*, and Jun Song ^2,†

¹School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Shandong 273165, China
²School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jining University, Shandong 273155, China

^*Contact author: shaofl@mail.sdu.edu.cn
^†Contact author: songjun2011@jnxy.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. C 114, 044907 – Published 22 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9zxp-frbf

Abstract

We apply a constituent quark equal-velocity combination (EVC) model to study the elliptic flow ( $v_{2}$ ) and triangular flow ( $v_{3}$ ) of light-flavor and single-charmed hadrons in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} =$ 2.76 and 5.02 TeV. $v_{2, 3}$ of hadrons in the EVC model can be expressed as a linear superposition of the $v_{2, 3}$ of quarks at the same velocity as that of the hadrons. We find that available experimental data for $v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ of $p, Λ, Ξ$ , and $Ω$ as a function of transverse momentum ( $p_{T}$ ) can be consistently explained by the EVC formula using the $v_{2}$ of up/down quarks and the $v_{2}$ of strange quarks. In comparison with $v_{2}$ data of $ϕ$ at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76$ TeV, which can be naturally explained by the $v_{2}$ of strange quarks, explanation of the data of $ϕ$ mesons at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02$ TeV requires an additional contribution of two-kaon coalescence, which indicates approximately 20% influence of final-state hadronic rescattering on $v_{2}$ of $ϕ$ at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02$ TeV. Using $v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ of light-flavor quarks obtained in studying light-flavor hadrons and $v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ of charm quarks determined from $D^{0}$ meson data, we apply the EVC model to predict the anisotropic flows of $D_{s}^{+}, Λ_{c}^{+}, Ξ_{c}^{0}$ , and $Ω_{c}^{0}$ and compare them with the available experimental data. The preliminary data for $v_{2}$ of $D^{0}, D_{s}^{+}$ , and $Λ_{c}^{+}$ at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} =$ 5.36 TeV are found to be naturally described by the EVC model.

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References (68)

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Phys. Rev. C 114, 044907– Published 22 October, 2026

Vol. 114, Iss. 4 — October 2026

Received 3 March 2026
Accepted 18 September 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/9zxp-frbf

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Anisotropic flows of light-flavor and charmed hadrons in Pb+Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

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