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Symmetry rules for cavity materials engineering with linearly polarized vacuum fields

Jingkai Quan1,2,*, Chongxiao Fan1,3,†, Benshu Fan1,‡, I-Te Lu1,4, Dante M. Kennes1,3, and Angel Rubio1,5,§

  • *Contact author: jingkai.quan@mpsd.mpg.de
  • †Contact author: chongxiao.fan@mpsd.mpg.de
  • ‡Contact author: benshu.fan@mpsd.mpg.de
  • §Contact author: angel.rubio@mpsd.mpg.de
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Phys. Rev. B 114, 245129 – Published 22 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ggnj-y9lb

Abstract

Cavity materials engineering, aiming to manipulate material properties by coupling to vacuum fluctuations inside a cavity, is a rapidly advancing field. Despite significant progress, most studies to date have focused on specific materials and cavity configurations. Here, through a comprehensive group-theoretical analysis, we establish general symmetry rules for cavity materials engineering with linearly polarized cavity photon modes. By analyzing the symmetry of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian within the long-wavelength approximation, we provide a classification of the symmetry-breaking patterns induced by cavity modes for all crystallographic point groups. The power of this framework is then demonstrated by quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory calculations. In particular, we explain the distinct cavity-induced lifting of band degeneracies in cubic BaTiO3 for different cavity mode configurations, and the cavity-modified infrared and Raman spectra of monolayer MoS2 due to symmetry breaking. Our results highlight the central role of symmetry in cavity materials engineering and provide general guidelines for future studies in this field.

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Phys. Rev. B 114, 245129– Published 22 October, 2026
  • Received 23 July 2026
  • Revised 21 September 2026
  • Accepted 5 October 2026
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