- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

PRX Quantum

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Quantum Wire Coupled to Light

Victor Bradley1,*, Kamal Sharma1, Mohammad Hafezi2,3, and Wade DeGottardi1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
  • 2NIST/University of Maryland, Joint Quantum Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
  • 3Institute for the Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA

  • *Contact author: victor.bradley@ttu.edu
PDF

PRX Quantum 5, 040338 – Published 6 December, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.5.040338

Abstract

Experimental advances in cavity QED are raising the prospect of using light to probe quantum materials beyond the linear response regime. The capability to access quantum coherent phenomena would significantly advance the field. However, theoretical work on many-body systems coupled to light in the quantum coherent regime has been select. Here, we investigate the radiative properties of a finite-sized quantum wire in a microwave cavity. Examples of quantum wires include single-walled carbon nanotubes, a key experimental system in the field of nano-optics and plasmonics. We find that, for a variety of excited states, the repeated emission of photons results in the generation of many-body quantum entanglement. This leads to an increase in the rate at which subsequent photons are emitted, an example of Dicke superradiance. On the other hand, Pauli blocking tends to reduce this effect. Bosonization, the description of the excitations of a one-dimensional electron system as a gas of bosons, is found to be a powerful theoretical tool in this context. Its application means that many of our results generalize to wires with strong electron-electron interactions. The quantum wire thus represents a new platform to realize Dicke-model physics that does not rely on the various fine tunings necessary in traditional realizations involving many spatially isolated emitters. More broadly, this work demonstrates how quantum entanglement can be generated and measured in a many-body system.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Popular Summary

Spectroscopic methods were essential to the discovery of the quantum-mechanical nature of electrons in atoms. Recently, there has been an interest in using strong light-matter interactions to help study and perhaps even control quantum materials. Here, we study one of the simplest many-body systems in this context: a one-dimensional quantum gas.

Remarkably, our work reveals that the one-dimensional electron gas exhibits superradiance, a type of collective emission process that arises from quantum entanglement. In contrast to the Dicke model, which is a simple model exhibiting superradiant behavior, we find that both superradiance and Pauli exclusion play a critical role in setting the rate of photon emission.

Quantum entanglement is a crucial resource for applications to quantum computing. This work shows how quantum entanglement can be generated in quantum wires. A simplification we made was considering a lossy cavity mode. An important extension of this work would be to consider a high-fidelity cavity mode that would allow quantum information encoded in the electron gas to be converted into light.

Article Text

References (44)

  1. G. W. F. Drake, Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (Springer, Cham, 2006).
  2. J. Bloch, A. Cavalleri, V. Galitski, M. Hafezi, and A. Rubio, Strongly correlated electron–photon systems, Nature 606, 41 (2022).
  3. N. Rivera and I. Kaminer, Light–matter interactions with photonic quasiparticles, Nat. Rev. Phys. 2, 538 (2020).
  4. K. Roux, H. Konishi, V. Helson, and J.-P. Brantut, Strongly correlated fermions strongly coupled to light, Nat. Commun. 11, 2974 (2020).
  5. A. Frisk Kockum, A. Miranowicz, S. De Liberato, S. Savasta, and F. Nori, Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter, Nat. Rev. Phys. 1, 19 (2019).
  6. F. Schlawin, D. M. Kennes, and M. A. Sentef, Cavity quantum materials, Appl. Phys. Rev. 9, 011312 (2022).
  7. A. Vasanelli, Y. Todorov, and C. Sirtori, Ultra-strong light–matter coupling and superradiance using dense electron gases, C. R. Phys. 17, 861 (2016).
  8. K. Kroeger, N. Dogra, R. Rosa-Medina, M. Paluch, F. Ferri, T. Donner, and T. Esslinger, Continuous feedback on a quantum gas coupled to an optical cavity, New J. Phys. 22, 033020 (2020).
  9. G. Baskaran, Superradiant superconductivity, ArXiv:1211.4567.
  10. C. J. Eckhardt, G. Passetti, M. Othman, C. Karrasch, F. Cavaliere, M. A. Sentef, and D. M. Kennes, Quantum Floquet engineering with an exactly solvable tight-binding chain in a cavity, Commun. Phys. 5, 1 (2022).
  11. V. Rokaj, M. Ruggenthaler, F. G. Eich, and A. Rubio, Free electron gas in cavity quantum electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 013012 (2022).
  12. P. Manasi and D. Roy, Light propagation through one-dimensional interacting open quantum systems, Phys. Rev. A 98, 023802 (2018).
  13. X. Yang, C. Vaswani, C. Sundahl, M. Mootz, L. Luo, J. H. Kang, I. E. Perakis, C. B. Eom, and J. Wang, Lightwave-driven gapless superconductivity and forbidden quantum beats by terahertz symmetry breaking, Nat. Photonics 13, 707 (2019).
  14. M. Mootz, L. Luo, J. Wang, and L. E. Perakis, Visualization and quantum control of light-accelerated condensates by terahertz multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy, Commun. Phys. 5, 47 (2022).
  15. V. M. Kovalev and I. G. Savenko, Proposal for plasmon spectroscopy of fluctuations in low-dimensional superconductors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 207002 (2020).
  16. L. Luo, M. Mootz, J. H. Kang, C. Huang, K. Eom, J. W. Lee, C. Vaswani, Y. G. Collantes, E. E. Hellstrom, I. E. Perakis, C. B. Eom, and J. Wang, Quantum coherence tomography of light-controlled superconductivity, Nat. Phys. 19, 201 (2023).
  17. F. Mivehvar, F. Piazza, T. Donner, and H. Ritsch, Cavity QED with quantum gases: New paradigms in many-body physics, Adv. Phys. 70, 1 (2021).
  18. K. Baumann, C. Guerlin, F. Brennecke, and T. Esslinger, Dicke quantum phase transition with a superfluid gas in an optical cavity, Nature 464, 1301 (2010).
  19. V. A. Pivovarov, A. S. Sheremet, L. V. Gerasimov, J. Laurat, and D. V. Kupriyanov, Quantum interface between light and a one-dimensional atomic system, Phys. Rev. A 101, 053858 (2020).
  20. D. Y. Joh, J. Kinder, L. H. Herman, S.-Y. Ju, M. A. Segal, J. N. Johnson, G. K.-L. Chan, and J. Park, Single-walled carbon nanotubes as excitonic optical wires, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 51 (2011).
  21. Z. Shi, X. Hong, H. A. Bechtel, B. Zeng, M. C. Martin, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, Y.-R. Shen, and F. Wang, Observation of a Luttinger-liquid plasmon in metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nat. Photonics 9, 515 (2015).
  22. G. Kipp, et al., Cavity electrodynamics of van der Waals heterostructures, ArXiv:2403.19745.
  23. R. H. Dicke, Coherence in spontaneous radiation processes, Phys. Rev. 93, 99 (1954).
  24. B. M. Garraway, The Dicke model in quantum optics: Dicke model revisited, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 1137 (2011).
  25. M. Gross and S. Haroche, Superradiance: An essay on the theory of collective spontaneous emission, Phys. Rep. 93, 301 (1982).
  26. G. Vertogen and A. S. De Vries, The Dicke maser model, Phys. Lett. A 48, 451 (1974).
  27. P. Kirton, M. M. Roses, J. Keeling, and E. G. D. Torre, Introduction to the Dicke model: From equilibrium to nonequilibrium, and vice versa, Adv. Quantum Technol. 2, 1800043 (2019).
  28. M. O. Flynn, L.-H. Tang, A. Chandran, and C. R. Laumann, Momentum space entanglement of interacting fermions, Phys. Rev. B 107, L081109 (2023).
  29. D. Thureja, A. Imamoglu, T. Smoleński, I. Amelio, A. Popert, T. Chervy, X. Lu, S. Liu, K. Barmak, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, D. J. Norris, M. Kroner, and P. A. Murthy, Electrically tunable quantum confinement of neutral excitons, Nature 606, 298 (2022).
  30. D. G. Suárez-Forero, R. Ni, S. Sarkar, M. J. Mehrabad, E. Mechtel, V. Simonyan, A. Grankin, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S. Park, H. Jang, M. Hafezi, and Y. Zhou, Chiral optical nano-cavity with atomically thin mirrors, ArXiv:2308.04574.
  31. M. Stone, Bosonization (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994).
  32. Y. Sato, S. Matsuo, C.-H. Hsu, P. Stano, K. Ueda, Y. Takeshige, H. Kamata, J. S. Lee, B. Shojaei, K. Wickramasinghe, J. Shabani, C. Palmstrøm, Y. Tokura, D. Loss, and S. Tarucha, Strong electron-electron interactions of a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid observed in InAs quantum wires, Phys. Rev. B 99, 155304 (2019).
  33. T. Giamarchi, Quantum Physics in One Dimension (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2004), 1st ed.
  34. M. O. Scully and M. S. Zubairy, Quantum Optics (Cambridge, Cambridge, 1997).
  35. A. L. Fetter and J. D. Walecka, Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems (Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 2003).
  36. C. W. Gardiner and D. P. Zoller, The Quantum World of Ultra-Cold Atoms and Light Book II (Imperial College Press, London, 2015).
  37. R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth, and O. Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science (Addison-Wesley, Boston, Mass, 1994), 2nd ed.
  38. R. G. Donnelly, M. W. Dunkum, C. George, and S. Schnake, Counting odd numbers in truncations of Pascal’s triangle, ArXiv:1807.08181.
  39. W. DeGottardi, M. J. Gullans, S. Hegde, S. Vishveshwara, and M. Hafezi, Thermal radiation as a probe of one-dimensional electron liquids, Phys. Rev. B 99, 235124 (2019).
  40. D. F. Walls and G. J. Milburn, Quantum Optics (Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, 2008).
  41. C. Kane, L. Balents, and M. Fisher, Coulomb interactions and mesoscopic effects in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 5086 (1997).
  42. A. Papantonopoulou, Algebra: Pure & Applied (Prentice Hall, London, 2002).
  43. H. Georgi, Lie Algebras in Particle Physics: From Isospin to Unified Theories (Westview Press, Boulder, 1999).
  44. C.-K. Chiu, J. C. Teo, A. P. Schnyder, and S. Ryu, Classification of topological quantum matter with symmetries, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 035005 (2016).

Outline

Information

PRX Quantum 5, 040338– Published 6 December, 2024
  • Received 8 December 2023
  • Revised 12 June 2024
  • Accepted 22 October 2024
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation