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Single-Step High-Fidelity Three-Qubit Gates by Anisotropic Chiral Interactions

Minh T.P. Nguyen*, Maximilian Rimbach-Russ, Lieven M.K. Vandersypen, and Stefano Bosco†

  • *Contact author: m.t.phamnguyen@tudelft.nl
  • †Contact author: s.bosco@tudelft.nl
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PRX Quantum 6, 030326 – Published 13 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kp8s-py9m

Abstract

Direct multiqubit gates are becoming critical to facilitate quantum computations in near-term devices by reducing the gate counts and circuit depth. Here, we demonstrate that fast and high-fidelity three-qubit gates can be realized in a single step by leveraging small anisotropic and chiral three-qubit interactions. These ingredients naturally arise in state-of-the-art spin-based quantum hardware through a combination of spin-orbit interactions and orbital magnetic fields. These interactions resolve the key synchronization issues inherent in protocols relying solely on two-qubit couplings, which significantly limit gate fidelity. We confirm with numerical simulations that our single-step three-qubit gate can outperform existing protocols, potentially achieving infidelity ≤10−4 in 80–100 ns under current experimental conditions. To further benchmark its performance, we also propose an alternative composite three-qubit gate sequence based on anisotropic two-qubit interactions with built-in echo sequence and show that the single-step protocol can outperform it, making it highly suitable for near-term quantum processors.

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Popular Summary

Scaling up a quantum computer is a major challenge, with multiqubit gates playing a crucial role in most quantum algorithms. However, conventional implementations require decomposing these gates into multiple single- and two-qubit operations, increasing circuit depth and introducing decoherence errors. Here, we propose a single-step high-fidelity three-qubit Toffoli-like gate tailored for semiconductor spin-qubit platforms.

We identify a new type of interaction—the anisotropic chiral interaction—which naturally emerges from the interplay between spin-orbit coupling and orbital magnetic fields in spin-qubit devices. This interaction enables full synchronization of on- and off-resonant transitions in resonantly driven three-qubit gates, enabling a high-fidelity single-step protocol with a simple pulse. We numerically demonstrate that our protocol is resistant to noise and provides a substantial enhancement of gate speed and fidelity.

In this work, we demonstrate that state-of-the-art silicon and germanium spin-qubit devices naturally support three-qubit interactions, enabling the implementation of single-step three-qubit gates. This capability significantly reduces circuit complexity and error accumulation, providing ideal building blocks for realizing near-term scalable semiconductor quantum computers.

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PRX Quantum 6, 030326– Published 13 August, 2025
  • Received 3 April 2025
  • Revised 9 June 2025
  • Accepted 8 July 2025
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